Chapter 4

Question 1

What is a common concern of raising a child gender neutral

Answer 1

is that they’ll be confused about their gender identity later in life
- These aren’t warranted

Question 2

What are the major theoretical approaches to gender development?

Answer 2

Social learning theories: emphasizes how external factors shape children’s gender development

Cognitive theories: emphasize how children’s growing cognitive abilities lead them to develop gender

Question 3

Sex typing is

Answer 3

the processes by which individuals acquire gendered behaviours patterns

Question 4

True of false: Girls with older sisters and boys with older brothers display the most traditional sex-typical behaviours

Answer 4

True

Children with no siblings are somewhere are in the middle

Question 5

At age _____ Children begin to show preference for friends of their own sex

Answer 5

3

Question 6

Girls who spend more time with girls showed more expressions of what

Answer 6

sadness

Question 7

Boys who spend more time with boys showed more expressions of what

Answer 7

Anger

Question 8

In children books published from 1900 to 2000 what percent of main characters were male and what were female

Answer 8

male: 57%
female: 32%

Question 9

Children develop gender identity at around what age

Answer 9

2-3

Question 10

Gender stability ….

Answer 10

usually occurs around age 4-5 and is signified by an understanding that sex remains constant across time

Question 11

Gender constancy is the

Answer 11

recognition that sex is fixed and does not change as external or superficial features. occurs around 6 or 7

Question 12

Gender schema theory is

Answer 12

a mental model about gender, based on prior learning and experience that guides how people interpret, process, and remember new-relevant information

Question 13

Gender schematic is

Answer 13

having a tendency to use gender as a salient schema for understanding the world

Question 14

Gender aschematic is

Answer 14

lacking the tendency to use gender as a salient schema for understand the world

Question 15

Gender identity emerges from

Answer 15

a comparison of self to others

Question 16

Eary maturing boys experience heightened risk for….

Answer 16

antisocial behaviours
Mood disturbances
early sexual activity

Question 17

Hegemonic masculinity refers to

Answer 17

a culturally idealized and exaggerated version of manhood that consists of competition, aggression, success and the avoidance of femininity

Question 18

Precarious manhood hypothesis is

Answer 18

manhood relative to womanhood is widely conceptualized as a social status that is hard to earn and easy to lose

Question 19

What is the degendering theory?

Answer 19

gender becomes a less central aspect of the self as people grow older. However one 20 year study showed that the opposite is true for women

Question 20

True or false: A women who loses a spouse due to divorce or widowhood has a higher likelihood than a man of depressions and death

Answer 20

False, men do

Question 21

What is the double standard of aging?

Answer 21

The idea that women’s social value declines with age as their beauty and sexual appeal fade while men’s value increases with age as their life experience and social status increase.

Question 22

Early maturing girls tend to…

Answer 22

Have more negative body image, perhaps bc puberty involves an increase and redistribution of body fat as well as boobs grow and hips widen. Also relates to depression, anxiety, eating disorders, drug abuse, sexually activity, etc.

Question 23

Motherhood mandate

Answer 23

The societal expectation that women should have children and invest significant time and energy in raising them.