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NSCP-CPT > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional anatomy

A

study of how body systems cooperate to perform certain tasks

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

mechanical principles to understand the function of living organisms and systems

*note: in biomechanics, body can refer to the human body or a collection of matter

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3
Q

linear motion

A

a body moves in a straight line (rectilinear motion)

or along a curved path (curvilinear motion)

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4
Q

Angular motion

A

rotational motion: body rotates about a fixed line known as axis of rotation

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5
Q

Axis of rotation

A

aka: Fulcrum or pivot

a fixed line that body rotates about

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6
Q

General Motion

A

a combination of linear and angular motion

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7
Q

Frontal plane

A

shoulder to shoulder

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8
Q

Sagittal

A

back to chest

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9
Q

Transverse

A

across the waist

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10
Q

kinematics

A

study of movement from a descriptive perspective without regard to the underlying forces

Five primary variables:

1) timing, or temporal measures
2) position or location
3) displacement
4) velocity
5) acceleration (change in velocity per unit of time)

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11
Q

Kinetics

A

movement assessment with respect to the forces involved

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12
Q

Force

A

mechanical action or effect applied to a body that tends to produce acceleration

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13
Q

Internal forces

A

muscle, tendon, ligament

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14
Q

external forces

A

gravity, friction, air resistance

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15
Q

Magnitude

A

how much force is applied or produced

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16
Q

Location

A

where on a body or structure force is applied

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17
Q

Direction

A

where the force is directed

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18
Q

Duration

A

how long the force is applied

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19
Q

frequency

A

how many times the force is applied in a given time period

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20
Q

Variability

A

if the magnitude of the force is constant or changing over the application period

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21
Q

rate

A

how quickly the force is produced or applied

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22
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

a body at rest or in motion tends to remain in that state unless acted upon by an outisde force

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23
Q

Second law of motion

A

force equals mass times acceleration

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24
Q

Third law of motion

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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25
Q

Momentum

A

a body’s quantity of motion

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26
Q

Linear momentum

A

product of mass and velocity

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27
Q

angular momentum

A

product of moment of inertia and angular velocity

28
Q

Transfer of momentum

A

the mechanism by which momentum is transferred from one body to another

29
Q

impulse

A

the product of force multiplied by the time.

30
Q

torque/moment of force

A

M-the effect of a force that tends to cause rotation or twisting about an axis

moment: rotational or bending action of a force
torque: refers to the twisitng action of a force

two terms are used interchangably

  • Torque creates an angular acceleration similar to the way force creates a linear acceleration
  • increase torque by increasing force and/or moment arm
31
Q

moment arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of force action

32
Q

Unit of torque

A

Newton-meter

33
Q

Net torque/net moment

A

usually, more than one torque is being applied.

34
Q

level

A

a rigid structure fixed at a fulcrum (axis) to which two forces are applied

ie: bone moving about its axis of rotation

35
Q

First class lever

A

fulcrum is located between two forces

ie: elbow or knee
* force with longer moment arm with have the mechanical advantage

36
Q

Second class lever

A

Fr is located between the fulcrum and Fa

ie: foot during plantar flexion against resistance
* applied force always has the mechanical advantage

37
Q

Third class lever

A

Fa is between the fulcrum and Fr.

most joints are third class levers, the first, and with few second class

ie: forearm
* the resistance force always has the mechanical advantage

38
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Fr:Fa

39
Q

Fa

A

applied force

produced by active muscle

40
Q

Fr

A

resistance force, load

produced by weight being lifted or another external force being applied

41
Q

Work (mechanical definition)

A

how much force is applied an dhow far an object moves
W=F x d

joule=N x M

42
Q

Power

A

Rate of work

P= W/t

*standar unit is watt 1 W=1 J/s
1 horsepower=550ft

43
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

the ability or capacity to perform mechanical work
:kinetic (energy of motion)
potential (energy of position or deformation)

44
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

LKE (linear)=1/2 x m x v^2
m=mass

AKE (angular)= 1/2 x I x w^2
I=moment of inertia
w= angular velocity

Small increase in v and w = more kinetic energy

45
Q

Potential Energy

A

gravitational p.e.=potential energy of position, measures the potential to perform mechanical work as a function of a body’s height above a reference level

PE=m x g x h
m=mass
g=gravitational acceleration
h=height in meters above the reference level

Deformational energy: energy stored within a body when it is deformed (stretched, compressed, bent, twisted)
ie: pole vaulters pole

46
Q

Efficiency

A

how much mechanical output (work) can be prduced with use of a given amount of metabolic input (energy).

human skeletal muscle is 25% efficient

47
Q

muscular coactiviation

A

antagonist muscle action that works against agonist muscle action on the opposite side of a joint

48
Q

Muscle

A

40-45% of body weight
excitability (ability to respond to a stimulus)
contractility (ability to generate a pulling force aka tension)
extensibility (ability to lengthen or stretch)
elasticity (ability to return to its original length and shape)

contractile produces force, noncontractile doesn’t

unipennate, single set of fibers, bipennate two sets of fibers with different angles, multipennate muscles…etc.

49
Q

fusiform

A

muscles fibers that run parallel to a line between the muscle’s origin and insertion

50
Q

Pennation angle

A

fibers are arranged at an angle (usually <30 degrees)

allows more muscle fibers to be packed into a given volume with increases force production potential

51
Q

Muscle action

A

concentric: if torque is greater than that created by the external force (shortening)
positive: if muscular force and the displacement are in the same direction

negative: muscular force and displacement are in opposite directions (eccentric)

52
Q

length-tension

A

the force produced by the musculotendinous unit is determined, in part, by the muscle’s length.

53
Q

Force-velocity

A

muscle’s ability to generate force depends on its velocity, or speed, of contraction

54
Q

specific tension

A

force of contraction per unit

fast twitch have higher specific tension than slow twitch (they are larger)

55
Q

recruitment

A

most strength gain at first is neural because it exceeds increase in muscle fiber size
(clients will see a lot of progress at first and then plateau because of this)
*slower gains due to hypertrophy will result in enhanced strength and improved physical appearance

56
Q

RFD

A

rate of force development
*maximal muscle force can take up to 0.5 seconds to develop. any less, it won’t happen

*the ratio of change in force over the change in time

57
Q

SSC

A

Stretch Shortening Cycle

*requires an eccentric muscle action immediately followed by a concentric muscle action

58
Q

Pre-forcing the muscle

A

muscles are tensed prior to lifting the bar
*during eccentric muscle action, the muscle is developing force, so the muscle does not commence concentric action with zero force

59
Q

Moment arms

A

a person with larger moment arm can produce more torque for the same level of muscular force
*moment arm change as a function of joint angle

60
Q

Strength

A

the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity

61
Q

Sticking point

A

weakest point in the range of motion

*occurs where the external resistance has the greatest mechanical advantage compared to the muscle

62
Q

Kinematic chain

A

a series of linkages
two ends fixed, linkage is closed (the movement of one joint will cause every other joint to move in a predictable fashion)
ex: bench press, squat
not fixed, linkage is open (not necessarily cause movement at another joint)
ex: arm curl, leg curl

63
Q

Muscle Control Formula:

A

1) Identify the join movement
2) Identify the effect of external force on the joint movement
3) Identify the type of muscle action
4) Identify the plane of movement
5) Determine which side of the joint axis the muscles are lengthening and which side they are shortening
6) Combine info from 3 and 5 to determine which muscles must be producing or controlling movement

64
Q

Resistance types

A

constant, variable, or accommodating

65
Q

free weights

A

ex: dumbbells, medicine balls, a person’t body

fixed mass and no constraints on motion

resistance to movement depends on direction of movement

Fr=ma + W

NSCP-CPT (19 decks)

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