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NSCP-CPT > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

  • without it, muscular activity would not be possible
  • composed of: adenine( a nitrogen-containing base) ribose, (a five-carbon sugar), (adine+ribose=adenosine), and three phosphate groups.
  • large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups
  • When the third phosphate on the ATP is separated from adenosine by ATPase, energy is released
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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the flow of energy in the biological system

*primarily concerns the conversion of food into biologically usable forms of energy

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3
Q

catabolic

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

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4
Q

anabolic

A

building-up process, small to large

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5
Q

metabolism

A

constant state of anabolism and catabolism

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6
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate, removal of one phosphate group from ATP

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7
Q

AMP

A

adenosine monophosphate, removal of two phosphate groups from ATP

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8
Q

Phosphagen system

A

system to replenish ATP

  • an anaerobic process, occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • primary source of ATP for short-term, high-intensity activities, and at the start of all exercise types
  • Relies on chemical reactions of ATP and creatine phosphate, which involve ATPase and creatine kinase
  • Myotin ATPase increases rate of breakdown of ATP to for ADP and inorganic phosphate (P) and energy…=catabolic reaction
  • Creatine kinase increases rate of synthesis of ATP from creatine phosphate and ADP by supplying phosphate that combines with ADP to form ATP…=anabolic reaction
  • cannot supply energy for long-duration activities
  • type II muscles contain greater concentrations of phosphagens than type I
  • Creatine kinase activity regulates breakdown of creatine phosphate: ^^in ADP promotes creatine kinase activity, ^^^in ATP inhibits it.
  • activity remains elevated if exercise intensity remains high
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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

system to replenish ATP
*fast and slow glycolysis; both are also anaerobic
*breakdown of carbohydrates, glycogen (muscle) or glucose (blood)
*enzymes for glycolysis are located in the cytoplasm of the cells (sarcoplasm of muscle cells)
*fast glycolysis: pyruvate is converted to lactate, providing ATP at a faster right than slow gly…
Glucose+2Pi + 2ADP –>
2lactate +2ATP+ H20

  • controlled by energy demands of cell
  • high rate=fast g
  • low rate=slow g

*slow glycolysis:
Glucose+2Pi +2 ADP + 2 NAD(+) –>2pyruvate + 2ATP +2NADH +2H20

  • stimulated during intense muscular activity by ADP, P, ammonia, and a sligh decrease in pH, and AMP
  • If glycogen is not being broken down into glucose quickly enough and the supply of free glycose has already been depleted, glycolysis will be slowed
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10
Q

Oxidative system

A

system to replenish ATP

  • an aerobic process, requires oxygen
  • for activities of a lower intensity but longer duration (10 mile bike-ride or swimming laps for an hour)
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11
Q

Carbs

A

only energy source which can be metabolized without the direct involvement of oxygen

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12
Q

Rate-limiting step

A

Slowest reaction in the series

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13
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

PFK is the primary factor in the regulation of the rate of glycolysis

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14
Q

Lactate

A

converts into lactic acid, associated with muscle fatigue

  • as PH decreases (becomes acidic) it inhibits glycolytic reactions, decrease in available energy
  • normal level in blood is 0.5 to 2.2 mmol/L at rest.
  • normally return to preexercise values within an hour after activity, cool down helps it go faster
  • peak blood lactate concentrations occur approximately 5 min after the cessation of exercise
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15
Q

Glyconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose

  • lactate is used in this process during extended exercise and recovery
  • clearance of lactate indicates a person’s ability to recover
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16
Q

Cori cycle

A

When lactate is transported in the blood to the liver, and then turned to glucose

17
Q

Lactate Threshold

A

the exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

  • shows increase reliance on anaerobic mechanisms
  • begins at untrained peeps 50-60% of maximal oxygen uptake, and trained peeps 70-80%
18
Q

Onset of blood lactate accumulation

A

OBLA- second point of inflection in lactat accumulation curve

occurs when the concentratoin of blood lactate is near 4 mmol/L. correspond to when large motor units are recruited (typically type II fibers)

19
Q

Oxidative system

A

primary source of ATP at rest and during aerobic activities, uses carbohydrates and fats as substrates

ex:yoga, water aerobics, walking, etc.

protein is normally not metabolized except during long term starvation bouts (>90min)

at rest, 70% of ATP is produced from fats and 30% from carbs

  • during activity, shifts from fats to carbs during high intensity aerobic activities
  • shift back to fats during prolonged, submaximal, steady-work
20
Q

Kerbs cycle

A

*If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities, then pyruvate is transported to mitochondria and then converted to CoA

  • cycle produce stwo ATPs indirectly from guanine triphosphate (GTP) for each molecule of glucose
  • six molecules of NADH are produced and two molecules of reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)
  • different if fat or protein enters the kerbs cycle
21
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

ETC, molecules from krebs cycle are used to produce ATP from ADP.

*ETC uses the NADH and FADH2 molecules to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP

  • NADH can produce three molecules of ATP
  • FADH2 can produce two molecules of ATP
22
Q

Fat Oxidation

A

tricglyercids broken down by hormone-sensitive lipase

23
Q

Beta oxidation

A

free fatty acids are broke down to acetrylcoA and hydrogen atoms

24
Q

Protein Oxidation

A

not a significant source of energy
*amino acids are converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

*provides 3%-18% of energy source during prolonged activity

*waste prodcuts are eliminated through the formation of urea and small amounts of ammonia»>urine
(ammonia is toxic and associated with fatigue)

25
Q

Oxidative Sstem Regulation

A

If NAD+ and FAD+ are not available to accept hydrogen, Kerbs cycle is reduced

Also when GTP accumulates

All three energy systems are active at a given time; however, the extent to which each is used depends primarily on the intensity on the activity, and secondarily on its duration

26
Q

Exercise Intensity

A

level of muscular activity that can be quanitified in terms of power output,

power-amount of physical work performed for a particular duration of time

27
Q

Effect of Event Duration on Primary Energy Used

A

0 to 6 s very intense=phosphagen
6 to 30 s intense-phosphagen and fast glycolysis
30 s to 2 min heavy- fast glycolysis
2 to 3 min moderate-fast gly and oxidative system
>3 min light Oxidative system

28
Q

Energy substrates

A

molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions. fatigue is associated with deplition of phosphagens and glycogen
ex:
phosphagens, glucose, glycogen, lactate, free fatty acids, amino acids

29
Q

Phosphagens

A
  • more rapidly depleted as a result of high-intensity anaerobic exercise than aerobic exercise
  • Creatine decreases by 50-70% to almost elimination
  • ATP do not decrease by more than about 60%
30
Q

Glycogen

A

*Limited stores are available
*Stored in muscle and liver
*Anaerobic training can increase resting muscle glycogen concentration
*Muscle concentration important during high-intensity
*Liver concentration important during low-intensity
*repletion is related to postexercise carbohydrate ingestion (.7-3.0 of carb per kilogram of body is ingested following every 2 hours after exercise)
*

31
Q

Selective muscle fiber glycogen depletion

A

more depletion in type II muscle fibers

32
Q

Oxygen Uptake

A

measure of a person’s ability to take in and use oxygen.

high oxygen uptake, more fit of a person

33
Q

Oxygen Deficit

A

anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise

34
Q

Oxygen debt

A

postexercise oxygen uptake

aka EPOC: excess postexercise oxygen consumption

35
Q

EPOC

A

EPOC: excess post exercise oxygen consumption

  • oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the pre-exercise condition
  • Oxygen deficit may influence size of EPOC, but they are not equal

NSCP-CPT (19 decks)

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