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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

Organization of the Body

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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2
Q

andr/o

A

man

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3
Q

anter/o

A

towards the front

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4
Q

bi/o

A

life

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5
Q

caud/o

A

tail

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6
Q

cran/i

A

cranium

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7
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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8
Q

dist/o

A

away from the point of origin

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9
Q

dors/o

A

backward

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10
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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11
Q

hydr/o

A

water

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12
Q

infer/o

A

below

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13
Q

inguin/o

A

groin, inguinal

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14
Q

kary/o

A

cell’s nucleus

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15
Q

later/o

A

side

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16
Q

medi/o

A

towards the middle

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17
Q

organ/o

A

organ

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18
Q

path/o

A

disease

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19
Q

phen/o

A

to show

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20
Q

physi/o

A

nature

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21
Q

poster/o

A

behind, towards the back, back

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22
Q

proxim/o

A

near the point of origin

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23
Q

somat/o

A

body

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24
Q

ventr/o

A

near or on the belly side of the body

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25
Q

viscer/o

A

body organs, visceral

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

A state of internal balance. A state of equilibrium that is maintained within the body’s internal environment.

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27
Q

atom

A

The smallest, most basic chemical unit of an element. It consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by electrons.

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28
Q

proton

A

A positively charged particle.

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29
Q

neutron

A

A particle without any electrical charge.

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30
Q

electron

A

A negatively charged particle that revolves about the nucleus of an atom.

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31
Q

element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into any other substance.

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32
Q

What are the 8 levels of body organization?

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

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33
Q

Examples of atoms?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

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34
Q

Example of molecules?

A

Sugars, proteins, water.

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35
Q

Examples of organelles?

A

Mitochondrian, nucleus, ribosome

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36
Q

Examples of cells?

A

Epithelial cells, nerve cells, muscle cells.

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37
Q

Examples of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue.

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38
Q

Examples of organs?

A

Lung, brain, stomach, kidney.

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39
Q

Examples of organ systems?

A

Respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system.

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40
Q

Example of an organism?

A

Human.

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41
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same element that form a specific chemical compound.

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42
Q

Water

A

The ideal transportation medium for inorganic and organic compounds.

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43
Q

Cells

A

The basic building blocks for the various structures that together make up a human being.

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44
Q

Cell membrane

A

The outer covering of the cell. It allows some substances in the cell and keeps others out. This allows the cells to get nutrition and dispose of wastes.

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45
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make enzymes and other proteins; nicknamed “protein factories”

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46
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls every organelle, and is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
DNA is in the nucleus.

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47
Q

Stem cell

A

The precursors of all body cells. They are able to divide and renew themselves for long periods of time.

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48
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform specialized functions.

49
Q

4 basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.

50
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the body?

A

Reproductive, urinary, digestive, respiratory, blood and lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, muscular, skeletal, integumentary.

51
Q

Organ

A

Multiple different tissues serving a common purpose or function.

52
Q

Isotope

A

An atom with the same number of protons, but differ in the number of neutrons.

53
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid of the cell.

54
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Carries proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm.

55
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all activities inside of the living cell.

56
Q

Anabolism

A

The building up of the body substance in the construction phase of metabolism

57
Q

Catabolism

A

A “casting down”, in metabolism a breaking down of a complex substance into more basic elements.

58
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

“Post office” of the cell, it chemically processes the molecules from the ER and then packages them into vesicles

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

The power plants of the cell, involved in cellular metabolism and respiration, provides the principle source of cellular energy.

60
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Appear in sheet like arrangements, sometimes several lady’s thick, that form the outer surfaces of the body and line the body cavities.

61
Q

6 main fictions of epithelial cells

A

Protection, sensation, absorption, excretion, diffusion.

62
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most abundant of the body tissue. Supports the organs and connects muscles to bones, and bones to joints.

63
Q

3 main types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

64
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary muscle satiated in appearance and is anchored by tendons and bones.

65
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found within the walls of organs and structures

66
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

An involuntary muscle and is a specialized form of striated tissue found only in the heart

67
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Consists of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells called neuroglia. Controls and coordinates the activities of the body.

68
Q

System

A

A group of different organs functioning together for a common purpose.

69
Q

Embryonic cell

A

An unspecialized cell that can turn itself into any type of tissue.

70
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that do not have a nucleus and die every four months

71
Q

Anatomical position

A

It is a position of the body that is erect, head facing forward, arms by the side and palms to the front.

72
Q

Lysosomes

A

The “digestive bags” of the cell

73
Q

Superior

A

Above, in an upward direction, toward the head

74
Q

Inferior

A

Below or in a downward direction, more toward the feet or tail

75
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

In front of or before, the front side of the body

76
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back,me back side of the body

77
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head

78
Q

Caudal

A

Pertaining to the tail, inferior in position.

79
Q

Medial

A

Nearest the midline or middle

80
Q

Lateral

A

To the side, away from the middle

81
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest the point of attachment or near the beginning of a structure

82
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment or far from the beginning of a structure

83
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Vertically divides the body as it passes through the midline to form a right and left half

84
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

85
Q

Coronal or frontal plane

A

Any place that divides the body at right angles to the midsagittal plane. The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

86
Q

Cavity

A

A hollow space containing body organs

87
Q

Ventral or anterior cavity

A

Extends from the neck to the pelvis. It’s areas are the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic area

88
Q

Dorsal or posterior cavity

A

Contains the structures of the nervous system. It includes the cranial and spinal cavities

89
Q

Abdoninopelvic cavity

A

Combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and is divided into 9 regions

90
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

Upper right region at the level of the 9th rib cartilage

91
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Upper left region at the level of the 9th rib cartilage

92
Q

Epigastric region

A

Region over the stomach

93
Q

Right lumbar

A

Right middle lateral region

94
Q

Left lumbar

A

Left middle lateral region

95
Q

Umbilical region

A

In the center , between the right and left lumbar region, at the navel

96
Q

Right iliac or inguinal

A

Right lower lateral region

97
Q

Left iliac or inguinal region

A

Left lower lateral region

98
Q

Hypogastric

A

Lower middle region below the navel

99
Q

4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

100
Q

tars/o

A

Ankle

101
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheek

102
Q

thorac/o

A

Chest

103
Q

ot/o

A

Ear

104
Q

Cubical;olecran/o

A

Elbow

105
Q

dactyl/o

A

Finger

106
Q

pod/o

A

Foot

107
Q

manus;chir/o

A

Hand

108
Q

coxa

A

Hip or hip joint

109
Q

crur/o

A

Leg

110
Q

umbilic/o;omphal/o

A

Navel

111
Q

neur/o

A

Nerves

112
Q

cost/o

A

Ribs

113
Q

pollex

A

Thumb

114
Q

lingu/o;gloss/o

A

Tongue

115
Q

carp/o

A

Wrist

116
Q

Ambilateral

A

Pertaining to both sides

117
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

118
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

119
Q

Apex

A

The pointed end of the heart

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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