Chapter 4 Flashcards
Organization of the Body
adip/o
fat
andr/o
man
anter/o
towards the front
bi/o
life
caud/o
tail
cran/i
cranium
cyt/o
cell
dist/o
away from the point of origin
dors/o
backward
hist/o
tissue
hydr/o
water
infer/o
below
inguin/o
groin, inguinal
kary/o
cell’s nucleus
later/o
side
medi/o
towards the middle
organ/o
organ
path/o
disease
phen/o
to show
physi/o
nature
poster/o
behind, towards the back, back
proxim/o
near the point of origin
somat/o
body
ventr/o
near or on the belly side of the body
viscer/o
body organs, visceral
homeostasis
A state of internal balance. A state of equilibrium that is maintained within the body’s internal environment.
atom
The smallest, most basic chemical unit of an element. It consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by electrons.
proton
A positively charged particle.
neutron
A particle without any electrical charge.
electron
A negatively charged particle that revolves about the nucleus of an atom.
element
A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into any other substance.
What are the 8 levels of body organization?
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
Examples of atoms?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
Example of molecules?
Sugars, proteins, water.
Examples of organelles?
Mitochondrian, nucleus, ribosome
Examples of cells?
Epithelial cells, nerve cells, muscle cells.
Examples of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue.
Examples of organs?
Lung, brain, stomach, kidney.
Examples of organ systems?
Respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system.
Example of an organism?
Human.
Molecule
A chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same element that form a specific chemical compound.
Water
The ideal transportation medium for inorganic and organic compounds.
Cells
The basic building blocks for the various structures that together make up a human being.
Cell membrane
The outer covering of the cell. It allows some substances in the cell and keeps others out. This allows the cells to get nutrition and dispose of wastes.
Ribosomes
Make enzymes and other proteins; nicknamed “protein factories”
Nucleus
Controls every organelle, and is responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
DNA is in the nucleus.
Stem cell
The precursors of all body cells. They are able to divide and renew themselves for long periods of time.
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform specialized functions.
4 basic types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.
What are the 11 organ systems of the body?
Reproductive, urinary, digestive, respiratory, blood and lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, muscular, skeletal, integumentary.
Organ
Multiple different tissues serving a common purpose or function.
Isotope
An atom with the same number of protons, but differ in the number of neutrons.
Cytoplasm
The fluid of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Carries proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm.
Metabolism
The sum total of all activities inside of the living cell.
Anabolism
The building up of the body substance in the construction phase of metabolism
Catabolism
A “casting down”, in metabolism a breaking down of a complex substance into more basic elements.
Golgi apparatus
“Post office” of the cell, it chemically processes the molecules from the ER and then packages them into vesicles
Mitochondria
The power plants of the cell, involved in cellular metabolism and respiration, provides the principle source of cellular energy.
Epithelial cells
Appear in sheet like arrangements, sometimes several lady’s thick, that form the outer surfaces of the body and line the body cavities.
6 main fictions of epithelial cells
Protection, sensation, absorption, excretion, diffusion.
Connective tissue
Most abundant of the body tissue. Supports the organs and connects muscles to bones, and bones to joints.
3 main types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle satiated in appearance and is anchored by tendons and bones.
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found within the walls of organs and structures
Cardiac muscle
An involuntary muscle and is a specialized form of striated tissue found only in the heart
Nerve tissue
Consists of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells called neuroglia. Controls and coordinates the activities of the body.
System
A group of different organs functioning together for a common purpose.
Embryonic cell
An unspecialized cell that can turn itself into any type of tissue.
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells that do not have a nucleus and die every four months
Anatomical position
It is a position of the body that is erect, head facing forward, arms by the side and palms to the front.
Lysosomes
The “digestive bags” of the cell
Superior
Above, in an upward direction, toward the head
Inferior
Below or in a downward direction, more toward the feet or tail
Anterior (ventral)
In front of or before, the front side of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back,me back side of the body
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
Caudal
Pertaining to the tail, inferior in position.
Medial
Nearest the midline or middle
Lateral
To the side, away from the middle
Proximal
Nearest the point of attachment or near the beginning of a structure
Distal
Away from the point of attachment or far from the beginning of a structure
Midsagittal plane
Vertically divides the body as it passes through the midline to form a right and left half
Transverse or horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or frontal plane
Any place that divides the body at right angles to the midsagittal plane. The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Cavity
A hollow space containing body organs
Ventral or anterior cavity
Extends from the neck to the pelvis. It’s areas are the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic area
Dorsal or posterior cavity
Contains the structures of the nervous system. It includes the cranial and spinal cavities
Abdoninopelvic cavity
Combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and is divided into 9 regions
Right hypochondriac region
Upper right region at the level of the 9th rib cartilage
Left hypochondriac region
Upper left region at the level of the 9th rib cartilage
Epigastric region
Region over the stomach
Right lumbar
Right middle lateral region
Left lumbar
Left middle lateral region
Umbilical region
In the center , between the right and left lumbar region, at the navel
Right iliac or inguinal
Right lower lateral region
Left iliac or inguinal region
Left lower lateral region
Hypogastric
Lower middle region below the navel
4 quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
tars/o
Ankle
bucc/o
Cheek
thorac/o
Chest
ot/o
Ear
Cubical;olecran/o
Elbow
dactyl/o
Finger
pod/o
Foot
manus;chir/o
Hand
coxa
Hip or hip joint
crur/o
Leg
umbilic/o;omphal/o
Navel
neur/o
Nerves
cost/o
Ribs
pollex
Thumb
lingu/o;gloss/o
Tongue
carp/o
Wrist
Ambilateral
Pertaining to both sides
Contralateral
Opposite sides
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Apex
The pointed end of the heart
