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Medical Terminology > Chapter 19: Oncology > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Oncology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

angi/o

A

Vessel

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3
Q

cancer/o

A

Crab, cancer

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4
Q

capsul/o

A

A little box

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5
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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6
Q

chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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7
Q

chori/o

A

Chorion

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8
Q

cyt/o

A

Cell

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9
Q

dendr/o

A

Tree

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10
Q

duct/o

A

To lead

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11
Q

fibr/o

A

Fiber

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12
Q

filtrat/o

A

To strain through

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13
Q

gli/o

A

Glue

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14
Q

hem/o

A

Blood

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15
Q

immun/o

A

Safe, immunity

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16
Q

lei/o

A

Smooth

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17
Q

malign/o

A

Bad kind

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18
Q

medull/o

A

Marrow

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19
Q

melan/o

A

Black

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20
Q

mening/i

A

Meninges, membrane

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21
Q

myc/o

A

Fungus

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22
Q

myel/o

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

nephr/o

A

Kidney

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24
Q

neuro/o

A

Nerve

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25
Q

Cancer

A

CA; a latin word meaning crab

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26
Q

cancer

A

refers to any malignant tumor, neoplasm, or oncoma.

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27
Q

surgical techniques

A

are being used to remove cancerous tissue, and it is usually possible to excise all the cancer cells when the malignancy is found at its earliest stages.

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28
Q

Two principal means of treatment for patients with cancer

A

chemotherapy and radiation therapy

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29
Q

60% of cancers

A

occur in people over age 65

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30
Q

anatomical site

A

indicates where the cancer originated in the body.

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31
Q

carcinomas

A

make up the great majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues: found in the breast, stomach, uterus, tongue, and skin

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32
Q

squamous carcinoma

A

cancer of squamous epithelium

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33
Q

basil cell carcinoma

A

type of skin cancer

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34
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

cancer originating in the bronchus of the respiratory tract

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35
Q

sarcomas

A

originate in connective or supportive tissues of the body such as the muscles, tendon, fat , joins, and bone

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36
Q

osteosarcoma

A

cancer of the bone

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37
Q

leukemias

A

cancers of the blood-forming tissues

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38
Q

lymphomas

A

cancerous tumors of the lymph nodes

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39
Q

myelomas

A

are cancerous tumors arising in the hemopoietic portion of the bone marrow

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40
Q

differentiation

A

normal cell development, immature cells undergo normal changes as they mature and assume their specialized functions

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41
Q

dedifferentiation

A

the failure of immature cells to develop specialized functions

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42
Q

malignant cells

A

usually multiply rapidly, forming a mass of abnormal cells that enlarges, ulcerates, and sheds malignant cells that invade surrounding tissues.

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43
Q

based on microscopic analysis, malignant tumors are classified into grades

A

I, II, III, IV This system is used to report the prognosis of the disease and to determine if the tumor is likely to respond to radiation or chemotherapy, as well as the prognosis for surgery

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44
Q

grade I

A

least malignant tumors. Only a few cells are undergoing mitosis, however, some abnormality does exist

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45
Q

grade II

A

moderately undifferentiated. More cells are undergoing mitosis and the pattern is fairly irregular

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46
Q

grade III

A

many undifferentiated cells. Tissues origin can be difficult to recognize. Many cells undergoing mitosis

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47
Q

grade IV

A

the least differentiated and high degree of malignancy

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48
Q

Two ways in which malignant cells spread to body parts

A

invasive growth and metastasis

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49
Q

invasive growth

A

spreading process of a malignant tumor into adjacent normal tissue

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50
Q

active migration

A

the malignant cells break away from the neoplasm (new growth), invade surrounding tissue, divide, form secondary neoplasms, and then reunite with the primary tumor as growth continues

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51
Q

direct extension

A

multiplication of malignant cell is rapid and subsequently spread into surrounding tissues via the interstitial spaces accompanied by engulfment and destruction of normal cells. ex. breast cancer can spread to the bone, lung, or liver

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52
Q

metastasis

A

the process by whereby cancer cells are spread from a primary site to distant secondary sites elsewhere in the body. This usually occurs when malignant cells invade the bloodstream or lymph system and are transported to a secondary site where they become lodged and form a neoplasm

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53
Q

staging

A

uses letters T=tumor N=node M=metastasis to indicate the spread and uses numerical subscripts to indicate degree of tumor involvement

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54
Q

T2N1M0

A

Indicates, primary tumor is at stage II, abnormality of regional lymph nodes at stage I, and no evidence of distant metastasis

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55
Q

A numerical system is also used to classify the staging of cancer

A

Stage 0: treatable, cancer in situ(limited to the inner lining surface of the organ and not invading the organ)

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56
Q

Stage I

A

Cancer limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started

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57
Q

Stage II

A

Limited local spread of cancerous cells, sometimes to lymph nodes

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58
Q

Stage III

A

Extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes

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59
Q

Stage IV

A

Distant metastasis, has spread beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body

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60
Q

The American Cancer Society has 7 warning signals of cancer that spell CAUTION

A

C: change in bowel habits, A: a sore that does not heal, U: unusual bleeding or discharge, T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, I: indigestion or difficulty in swallowing, O: obvious change in wart or mole, N: nagging cough or hoarseness

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61
Q

An annual physical examination

A

could be the best means to protect a person’s state of health

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62
Q

Visualization by Endoscopy

A

provides the physician a direct view of certain portions of the body

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63
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

use of a sigmoidoscope to examine the lower 10 inches of the large intestines

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64
Q

laryngoscopy

A

use of a laryngoscope to examine the interior of the larynx

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65
Q

bronchoscopy

A

use of a bronchoscope to examine the bronchi

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66
Q

gastroscopy

A

use of a gastroscope to examine the interior of the stomach

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67
Q

cystoscopy

A

use of a cystoscope to examine the bladder

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68
Q

colposcopy

A

use of a colposcope to examine the cervix and vagina

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69
Q

proctoscopy

A

use of a proctoscope to examine the anus and rectum

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70
Q

colonoscopy

A

use of a colonoscope to examine the colon

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71
Q

laparoscopy

A

use of a laparoscope to examine the abdomen

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72
Q

Laboratory Analysis

A

plays a key role in detecting specific types of cancer

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73
Q

pap smear test

A

cytological screening test developed by Dr. George Papanicolaou and used to detect the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells from the cervix and vagina

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74
Q

fecal occult blood test

A

test to detect occult (hidden) blood in the stool (feces) if present, further testing would be needed to check for possible cancer of the colon

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75
Q

sputum cytology test

A

microscopic examination of sputum to detect abnormal or cancerous cells of the bronchi and lungs

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76
Q

blood serum test

A

analysis of blood serum to obtain useful information about certain proteins synthesized by cancer. two tests are AFP and HCG

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77
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)

A

test to diagnose or monitor fetal distress or fetal abnormalities, diagnose some liver disorders, and screen for and monitor some cancers; higher than normal levels and indicate cancer in testes, ovaries, biliary tract, stomach, or pancreas

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78
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin test (HCG)

A

test in which abnormal results can indicate ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, testicular cancer, or trophoblastic tumor. During therapy a falling HCG level indicates that the cancer is responding to treatment. rising levels indicate that the cancer is not responding to therapy. Increased levels after treatment can indicate a recurrence of disease

79
Q

Bone marrow study

A

a test to detect abnormal bone marrow cells, which can indicate leukemia

80
Q

Urine assay test

A

test providing useful information about catecholamines, which can indicate pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla

81
Q

Cancer antigen 125 CA-125

A

test that measures the amount of this protein in the blood. It is found on the surface of many ovarian cancer cells. It can also be found in other cancers and in small amounts in normal tissue

82
Q

Biopsy

A

surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination

83
Q

excisional biopsy

A

surgical removal of a piece of tissue from the suspected body site

84
Q

incisional biopsy

A

surgical incision to remove a section or wedge of tissue from the suspected body site

85
Q

needle biopsy

A

puncture of a tumor for the removal of a core of tissue through the lumen of a needle

86
Q

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

A

form of breast biopsy in which a small needle is used to withdraw a sample of cells from the breast lump. If the lump is a cyst, removal of the fluid will cause the cyst to collapse. If the lump is solid, cells can be smeared onto a slides for examination

87
Q

core biopsy

A

Large-bore needle removal of a generous sample of breast tissue and a vacuum-assisted needle biopsy device (VAD), which uses vacuum suction to obtain a tissue sample

88
Q

cone biopsy

A

removal of a cone of tissue from the uterine cervix

89
Q

sternal biopsy

A

removal of a piece of bone marrow from the sternum

90
Q

endoscopic biopsy

A

removal of a piece of tissue through an endoscope

91
Q

punch biopsy

A

removal of a plug of tissue (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous) tissue from the skin

92
Q

Treatment of cancer

A

Surgery, Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy

93
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Chemo, can be used when the cancer is widespread and cannot be surgically removed, or when a tumor fails to respond to radiation therapy. The aim is to put the cancer patient in remission

94
Q

Radiation therapy

A

Can be defined as the process whereby energy is beamed from its source to a selected target tissue. It is used for a curative or palliative mode of therapy

95
Q

Stages of Breast Cancer

A

Carcinoma in situ (CIS), Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, IIIA, IIIB, Stage IV, and Recurrent breast cancer

96
Q

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

cancer is confined to the lobules or ducts and has not invaded nearby breast tissue

97
Q

Stage I

A

tumor is smaller than or equal to 2 cm

98
Q

Stage II

A

tumor is between 2 and 5 cm or without positive lymph nodes, or tumor is greater than 5 cm without positive lymph nodes

99
Q

Stage IIIA

A

tumor is larger than 5 cm with positive movable lymph nodes, or tumor is any size with lymph nodes that adhere to one another or surrounding tissue

100
Q

Stage IIIB

A

tumor of any size has spread to the skin, chest wall, or internal mammary lymph nodes

101
Q

Stage IV

A

tumor, regardless of size, has metastasized to distant sites such as bones, lungs, or lymph nodes not near the breast

102
Q

Recurrent breast cancer

A

disease has returned in spite of initial treatment

103
Q

Hodgkin’s disease (HD)

A

called Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a cancer that starts in lymphatic tissue. named after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. This cancer usually starts in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body

104
Q

Hodgkin’s disease (HD)

A

called Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a cancer that starts in lymphatic tissue. named after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin in 1832

105
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, usually in a B cell in a lymph node.

106
Q

Leukemia

A

a cancer that usually affects the white blood cells

107
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

a life-threatening disease in which the cells that normally develop into lymphocytes become cancerous and rapidly replace normal cells in the bone marrow

108
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

where the myelocytes become cancerous and rapidly replace normal cells in the bone marrow

109
Q

chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)

A

where a cell in the bone marrow becomes cancerous and produces a large number of abnormal granulocytes. It is uncommon in children under 10 years old. Also called myeloid, myelogenous and granulocytic leukemia

110
Q

chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)

A

where a cell in the bone marrow becomes cancerous and produces a large number of abnormal granulocytes. It is uncommon in children under 10 years old. Also called myeloid, myelogenous and granulocytic leukemia

111
Q

lung cancer

A

two types non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer

112
Q

Common signs and symptoms of lung cancer

A

a cough that doesn’t go away, constant chest pain, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness, repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis, swelling of the neck and face, loss of appetite or weight loss, and fatigue

113
Q

testicular cancer (TC)

A

a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles. It is most common in men 20-35

114
Q

adenocarcinoma (Adeno-CA)

A

malignant tumor arising in a glandular organ

115
Q

anaplasia

A

characteristic of most cancerous cells in which there is a loss of differentiation and an irreversible alteration in adult cells toward more embryonic cell types

116
Q

betatron

A

megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy

117
Q

betatron

A

megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy

118
Q

brachytherapy

A

radiation therapy in which the radioactive substance is inserted into a body cavity or organ. The source of radiation is located a short distance from the body area being treated

119
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Malignant tumor, most commonly found in Africa, that affects children; the characteristic symptom is a massive, swollen jaw

120
Q

carcinogen

A

agent or substance that incites or produces cancer

121
Q

carcinoid

A

tumor derived from the argentaffin cells in the intestinal tract, bile duct, pancreas, bronchus, or ovary

122
Q

-oid

A

resemble

123
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor derived from cartilage cells

124
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

125
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

126
Q

chori/o

A

chorion

127
Q

cyclotron

A

megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy

128
Q

dedifferentiation

A

process by which normal cells lose their specialization and become malignant

129
Q

differentiation

A

process by which normal cells have a distinct appearance and specialized funtion

130
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

primary bone cancer occurring in the pelvic area or in one of the long bones; occurs mostly in children and adolescents

131
Q

exacerbation

A

process of increasing the severity of symptoms; opposite is remission

132
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor arising in collagen-producing fibroblasts

133
Q

fungating

A

process of growing rapidly, like a fungus

134
Q

glioma

A

cancerous tumor of the brain

135
Q

hemangiosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor originating in the blood vessels

136
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive formation and growth of normal cells

137
Q

immunosuppression

A

process of preventing formation of the immune response

138
Q

in situ

A

enclosed within a site, refers to tumor cells that remain at a site and have not invaded adjacent tissue

139
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)

A

malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (purplish discoloration) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; often seen in patients who have AIDS

140
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of smooth muscle tissue

141
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

142
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes; cancer of the blood forming tissues

143
Q

leukoplakia

A

white, thickened patches formed on the mucous membranes of the inner cheeks, gums, or tongue that tend to become cancerous

144
Q

linear accelerator

A

megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy

145
Q

liposarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of the fat cells

146
Q

melanoma

A

literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor

147
Q

melanoma

A

literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor

148
Q

metastasis

A

spreading process of cancer from a primary site to a secondary site

149
Q

mutagen

A

agent that causes a chance in DNA of an organism. Not all are cancerous

150
Q

mutation

A

process by which the DNA is changed

151
Q

neoplasm

A

new tissue formed, such as an abnormal growth or tumor

152
Q

nephroblastoma

A

cancerous tumor of the kidney, also called Wilms’ tumor; most often found in children

153
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

cancerous tumor composed of neuroglial cells and located in the cerebrum

154
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer-causing genes; genes in a virus that can induce tumor formation

155
Q

palliative

A

pertaining to a form of treatment to relieve or alleviate symptoms without curing

156
Q

palliat

A

cloaked

157
Q

remission

A

process of lessening the severity of symptoms; time when symptoms of a disease are controlled

158
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor originating from the same embryonic cells that develop into striated muscles. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. rhabdo=rod

159
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor originating from the same embryonic cells that develop into striated muscles. It is the

160
Q

sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor arising in connective tissue

161
Q

seminoma

A

cancerous tumor of the testis

162
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy in which the radioactive substance is at a distance from the body area being treated

163
Q

teratoma

A

cancerous tumor of the ovary or testis; can contain embryonic tissues of hair, teeth, bone, or muscle, also called Monster tumor.

164
Q

trismus

A

pertaining to the inability to open the mouth fully; occurs in patients with oral cancer who undergo a combination of surgery and radiation therapy

165
Q

semin

A

seed

166
Q

Wilm’s tumor

A

cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring mainly in children

167
Q

xerostomia

A

condition of dryness of the mouth; oral change caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy

168
Q

Adeno-CA

A

adenocarcinoma

169
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein

170
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

171
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

172
Q

BRCA

A

breast cancer gene

173
Q

BSE

A

breast self-examination

174
Q

Bx

A

biopsy

175
Q

CA

A

cancer

176
Q

CA-125

A

cancer antigen 125

177
Q

chemo

A

chemotherapy

178
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

179
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

180
Q

FNA

A

fine needle aspiration

181
Q

HD

A

Hodgkin’s disease

182
Q

KS

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

183
Q

PSA

A

prostate specific antigen

184
Q

TSE

A

testicular self examiniation

185
Q

TSE

A

testicular self examiniation

186
Q

dosimetrist

A

a radiation physicist

187
Q

Unsealed radiation therapy

A

a form of internal radiation; radioactive iodine-131, radioactive phosphorus-32, and radioactive gold-198 are some of the substances used

188
Q

tetrat

A

CF = monster

189
Q

Oncogenic

A

Pertaining to the formation of cancerous tumors

190
Q

Neoplasm

A

New thing formed

191
Q

Excessive formation and growth of normal cells

A

Hyperplasia

192
Q

-blast

A

Immature cell

193
Q

myel-

A

Bone marrow

194
Q

Encapsulated

A

Enclosed within a site, sheath, or capsule.

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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