Chapter 19: Oncology Flashcards
aden/o
Gland
angi/o
Vessel
cancer/o
Crab, cancer
capsul/o
A little box
carcin/o
cancer
chondr/o
Cartilage
chori/o
Chorion
cyt/o
Cell
dendr/o
Tree
duct/o
To lead
fibr/o
Fiber
filtrat/o
To strain through
gli/o
Glue
hem/o
Blood
immun/o
Safe, immunity
lei/o
Smooth
malign/o
Bad kind
medull/o
Marrow
melan/o
Black
mening/i
Meninges, membrane
myc/o
Fungus
myel/o
Bone marrow
nephr/o
Kidney
neuro/o
Nerve
Cancer
CA; a latin word meaning crab
cancer
refers to any malignant tumor, neoplasm, or oncoma.
surgical techniques
are being used to remove cancerous tissue, and it is usually possible to excise all the cancer cells when the malignancy is found at its earliest stages.
Two principal means of treatment for patients with cancer
chemotherapy and radiation therapy
60% of cancers
occur in people over age 65
anatomical site
indicates where the cancer originated in the body.
carcinomas
make up the great majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues: found in the breast, stomach, uterus, tongue, and skin
squamous carcinoma
cancer of squamous epithelium
basil cell carcinoma
type of skin cancer
bronchogenic carcinoma
cancer originating in the bronchus of the respiratory tract
sarcomas
originate in connective or supportive tissues of the body such as the muscles, tendon, fat , joins, and bone
osteosarcoma
cancer of the bone
leukemias
cancers of the blood-forming tissues
lymphomas
cancerous tumors of the lymph nodes
myelomas
are cancerous tumors arising in the hemopoietic portion of the bone marrow
differentiation
normal cell development, immature cells undergo normal changes as they mature and assume their specialized functions
dedifferentiation
the failure of immature cells to develop specialized functions
malignant cells
usually multiply rapidly, forming a mass of abnormal cells that enlarges, ulcerates, and sheds malignant cells that invade surrounding tissues.
based on microscopic analysis, malignant tumors are classified into grades
I, II, III, IV This system is used to report the prognosis of the disease and to determine if the tumor is likely to respond to radiation or chemotherapy, as well as the prognosis for surgery
grade I
least malignant tumors. Only a few cells are undergoing mitosis, however, some abnormality does exist
grade II
moderately undifferentiated. More cells are undergoing mitosis and the pattern is fairly irregular
grade III
many undifferentiated cells. Tissues origin can be difficult to recognize. Many cells undergoing mitosis
grade IV
the least differentiated and high degree of malignancy
Two ways in which malignant cells spread to body parts
invasive growth and metastasis
invasive growth
spreading process of a malignant tumor into adjacent normal tissue
active migration
the malignant cells break away from the neoplasm (new growth), invade surrounding tissue, divide, form secondary neoplasms, and then reunite with the primary tumor as growth continues
direct extension
multiplication of malignant cell is rapid and subsequently spread into surrounding tissues via the interstitial spaces accompanied by engulfment and destruction of normal cells. ex. breast cancer can spread to the bone, lung, or liver
metastasis
the process by whereby cancer cells are spread from a primary site to distant secondary sites elsewhere in the body. This usually occurs when malignant cells invade the bloodstream or lymph system and are transported to a secondary site where they become lodged and form a neoplasm
staging
uses letters T=tumor N=node M=metastasis to indicate the spread and uses numerical subscripts to indicate degree of tumor involvement
T2N1M0
Indicates, primary tumor is at stage II, abnormality of regional lymph nodes at stage I, and no evidence of distant metastasis
A numerical system is also used to classify the staging of cancer
Stage 0: treatable, cancer in situ(limited to the inner lining surface of the organ and not invading the organ)
Stage I
Cancer limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started
Stage II
Limited local spread of cancerous cells, sometimes to lymph nodes
Stage III
Extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes
Stage IV
Distant metastasis, has spread beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body
The American Cancer Society has 7 warning signals of cancer that spell CAUTION
C: change in bowel habits, A: a sore that does not heal, U: unusual bleeding or discharge, T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, I: indigestion or difficulty in swallowing, O: obvious change in wart or mole, N: nagging cough or hoarseness
An annual physical examination
could be the best means to protect a person’s state of health
Visualization by Endoscopy
provides the physician a direct view of certain portions of the body
sigmoidoscopy
use of a sigmoidoscope to examine the lower 10 inches of the large intestines
laryngoscopy
use of a laryngoscope to examine the interior of the larynx
bronchoscopy
use of a bronchoscope to examine the bronchi
gastroscopy
use of a gastroscope to examine the interior of the stomach
cystoscopy
use of a cystoscope to examine the bladder
colposcopy
use of a colposcope to examine the cervix and vagina
proctoscopy
use of a proctoscope to examine the anus and rectum
colonoscopy
use of a colonoscope to examine the colon
laparoscopy
use of a laparoscope to examine the abdomen
Laboratory Analysis
plays a key role in detecting specific types of cancer
pap smear test
cytological screening test developed by Dr. George Papanicolaou and used to detect the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells from the cervix and vagina
fecal occult blood test
test to detect occult (hidden) blood in the stool (feces) if present, further testing would be needed to check for possible cancer of the colon
sputum cytology test
microscopic examination of sputum to detect abnormal or cancerous cells of the bronchi and lungs
blood serum test
analysis of blood serum to obtain useful information about certain proteins synthesized by cancer. two tests are AFP and HCG
Alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)
test to diagnose or monitor fetal distress or fetal abnormalities, diagnose some liver disorders, and screen for and monitor some cancers; higher than normal levels and indicate cancer in testes, ovaries, biliary tract, stomach, or pancreas
Human chorionic gonadotropin test (HCG)
test in which abnormal results can indicate ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, testicular cancer, or trophoblastic tumor. During therapy a falling HCG level indicates that the cancer is responding to treatment. rising levels indicate that the cancer is not responding to therapy. Increased levels after treatment can indicate a recurrence of disease
Bone marrow study
a test to detect abnormal bone marrow cells, which can indicate leukemia
Urine assay test
test providing useful information about catecholamines, which can indicate pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla
Cancer antigen 125 CA-125
test that measures the amount of this protein in the blood. It is found on the surface of many ovarian cancer cells. It can also be found in other cancers and in small amounts in normal tissue
Biopsy
surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination
excisional biopsy
surgical removal of a piece of tissue from the suspected body site
incisional biopsy
surgical incision to remove a section or wedge of tissue from the suspected body site
needle biopsy
puncture of a tumor for the removal of a core of tissue through the lumen of a needle
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
form of breast biopsy in which a small needle is used to withdraw a sample of cells from the breast lump. If the lump is a cyst, removal of the fluid will cause the cyst to collapse. If the lump is solid, cells can be smeared onto a slides for examination
core biopsy
Large-bore needle removal of a generous sample of breast tissue and a vacuum-assisted needle biopsy device (VAD), which uses vacuum suction to obtain a tissue sample
cone biopsy
removal of a cone of tissue from the uterine cervix
sternal biopsy
removal of a piece of bone marrow from the sternum
endoscopic biopsy
removal of a piece of tissue through an endoscope
punch biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous) tissue from the skin
Treatment of cancer
Surgery, Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy
Chemotherapy
Chemo, can be used when the cancer is widespread and cannot be surgically removed, or when a tumor fails to respond to radiation therapy. The aim is to put the cancer patient in remission
Radiation therapy
Can be defined as the process whereby energy is beamed from its source to a selected target tissue. It is used for a curative or palliative mode of therapy
Stages of Breast Cancer
Carcinoma in situ (CIS), Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, IIIA, IIIB, Stage IV, and Recurrent breast cancer
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
cancer is confined to the lobules or ducts and has not invaded nearby breast tissue
Stage I
tumor is smaller than or equal to 2 cm
Stage II
tumor is between 2 and 5 cm or without positive lymph nodes, or tumor is greater than 5 cm without positive lymph nodes
Stage IIIA
tumor is larger than 5 cm with positive movable lymph nodes, or tumor is any size with lymph nodes that adhere to one another or surrounding tissue
Stage IIIB
tumor of any size has spread to the skin, chest wall, or internal mammary lymph nodes
Stage IV
tumor, regardless of size, has metastasized to distant sites such as bones, lungs, or lymph nodes not near the breast
Recurrent breast cancer
disease has returned in spite of initial treatment
Hodgkin’s disease (HD)
called Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a cancer that starts in lymphatic tissue. named after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. This cancer usually starts in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body
Hodgkin’s disease (HD)
called Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a cancer that starts in lymphatic tissue. named after Dr. Thomas Hodgkin in 1832
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, usually in a B cell in a lymph node.
Leukemia
a cancer that usually affects the white blood cells
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
a life-threatening disease in which the cells that normally develop into lymphocytes become cancerous and rapidly replace normal cells in the bone marrow
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
where the myelocytes become cancerous and rapidly replace normal cells in the bone marrow
chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
where a cell in the bone marrow becomes cancerous and produces a large number of abnormal granulocytes. It is uncommon in children under 10 years old. Also called myeloid, myelogenous and granulocytic leukemia
chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
where a cell in the bone marrow becomes cancerous and produces a large number of abnormal granulocytes. It is uncommon in children under 10 years old. Also called myeloid, myelogenous and granulocytic leukemia
lung cancer
two types non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer
Common signs and symptoms of lung cancer
a cough that doesn’t go away, constant chest pain, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness, repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis, swelling of the neck and face, loss of appetite or weight loss, and fatigue
testicular cancer (TC)
a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles. It is most common in men 20-35
adenocarcinoma (Adeno-CA)
malignant tumor arising in a glandular organ
anaplasia
characteristic of most cancerous cells in which there is a loss of differentiation and an irreversible alteration in adult cells toward more embryonic cell types
betatron
megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy
betatron
megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy
brachytherapy
radiation therapy in which the radioactive substance is inserted into a body cavity or organ. The source of radiation is located a short distance from the body area being treated
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Malignant tumor, most commonly found in Africa, that affects children; the characteristic symptom is a massive, swollen jaw
carcinogen
agent or substance that incites or produces cancer
carcinoid
tumor derived from the argentaffin cells in the intestinal tract, bile duct, pancreas, bronchus, or ovary
-oid
resemble
chondrosarcoma
cancerous tumor derived from cartilage cells
chondr/o
cartilage
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
chori/o
chorion
cyclotron
megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy
dedifferentiation
process by which normal cells lose their specialization and become malignant
differentiation
process by which normal cells have a distinct appearance and specialized funtion
Ewing’s sarcoma
primary bone cancer occurring in the pelvic area or in one of the long bones; occurs mostly in children and adolescents
exacerbation
process of increasing the severity of symptoms; opposite is remission
fibrosarcoma
cancerous tumor arising in collagen-producing fibroblasts
fungating
process of growing rapidly, like a fungus
glioma
cancerous tumor of the brain
hemangiosarcoma
cancerous tumor originating in the blood vessels
hyperplasia
excessive formation and growth of normal cells
immunosuppression
process of preventing formation of the immune response
in situ
enclosed within a site, refers to tumor cells that remain at a site and have not invaded adjacent tissue
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (purplish discoloration) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; often seen in patients who have AIDS
leiomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor of smooth muscle tissue
lei/o
smooth
leukemia
cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes; cancer of the blood forming tissues
leukoplakia
white, thickened patches formed on the mucous membranes of the inner cheeks, gums, or tongue that tend to become cancerous
linear accelerator
megavoltage machine used in administering external radiation therapy
liposarcoma
cancerous tumor of the fat cells
melanoma
literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor
melanoma
literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor
metastasis
spreading process of cancer from a primary site to a secondary site
mutagen
agent that causes a chance in DNA of an organism. Not all are cancerous
mutation
process by which the DNA is changed
neoplasm
new tissue formed, such as an abnormal growth or tumor
nephroblastoma
cancerous tumor of the kidney, also called Wilms’ tumor; most often found in children
oligodendroglioma
cancerous tumor composed of neuroglial cells and located in the cerebrum
oncogenes
cancer-causing genes; genes in a virus that can induce tumor formation
palliative
pertaining to a form of treatment to relieve or alleviate symptoms without curing
palliat
cloaked
remission
process of lessening the severity of symptoms; time when symptoms of a disease are controlled
rhabdomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor originating from the same embryonic cells that develop into striated muscles. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. rhabdo=rod
rhabdomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor originating from the same embryonic cells that develop into striated muscles. It is the
sarcoma
cancerous tumor arising in connective tissue
seminoma
cancerous tumor of the testis
teletherapy
radiation therapy in which the radioactive substance is at a distance from the body area being treated
teratoma
cancerous tumor of the ovary or testis; can contain embryonic tissues of hair, teeth, bone, or muscle, also called Monster tumor.
trismus
pertaining to the inability to open the mouth fully; occurs in patients with oral cancer who undergo a combination of surgery and radiation therapy
semin
seed
Wilm’s tumor
cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring mainly in children
xerostomia
condition of dryness of the mouth; oral change caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Adeno-CA
adenocarcinoma
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
BRCA
breast cancer gene
BSE
breast self-examination
Bx
biopsy
CA
cancer
CA-125
cancer antigen 125
chemo
chemotherapy
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CT
computed tomography
FNA
fine needle aspiration
HD
Hodgkin’s disease
KS
Kaposi’s sarcoma
PSA
prostate specific antigen
TSE
testicular self examiniation
TSE
testicular self examiniation
dosimetrist
a radiation physicist
Unsealed radiation therapy
a form of internal radiation; radioactive iodine-131, radioactive phosphorus-32, and radioactive gold-198 are some of the substances used
tetrat
CF = monster
Oncogenic
Pertaining to the formation of cancerous tumors
Neoplasm
New thing formed
Excessive formation and growth of normal cells
Hyperplasia
-blast
Immature cell
myel-
Bone marrow
Encapsulated
Enclosed within a site, sheath, or capsule.
