Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 1

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles.

Question 2

Uniarticular?

Answer 2

Muscle origin and insertion span one joint.

Question 3

Multiarticular?

Answer 3

Muscles whose origins and insertions span two joints.

Question 4

Agonist?

Answer 4

Muscle contracting to cause movement?

Question 5

Purpose of Antagonists?

Answer 5

Opposes agonist, stabilize joint, decelerating movements, reduce risk of injury.

Question 6

Fixator?

Answer 6

Also called stabilizer and it steadies a joint.

Question 7

Neutralizer?

Answer 7

When a muscle eliminates the movement of a multiarticular muscle.

Question 8

Breakdown of muscle structure?

Answer 8

• Epimysium
• Muscle belly
• Perimysium
• Fascicle
• Endomysium
• Muscle fiber
• Sarcomere (portion of muscle between two Z-lines)
• Actin and mysin

Question 9

Organization of a muscle fiber?

Answer 9

• Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
• T tubules (transfer action deeper)
• Sarcoplasm (liquid surrounds myofibrils)
• Mitochondrion, terminal cisternae, and nucleus

Question 10

Sarcomere?

Answer 10

Z-line to Z-line and functional unit of muscle fiber.

Question 11

Stages of muscle contraction?

Answer 11

1. Excitation-contraction coupling
2. Cross-bridge cycling
3. Relaxation

Question 12

Excitation-contraction coupling?

Answer 12

Electrical discharge stimulates chemical changes and removes barriers and allowing for muscle contraction to take place.

Question 13

Cross-bridge cycling?

Answer 13

The process of myosin heads pulling and releasing asynchronously. (Tug of war, pulling rope and regripping and pulling again)

Question 14

Relaxation?

Answer 14

Reduced neural stimuli cause chemical changes causing the blocking of actin active sites and myofilaments return to resting.

Question 15

Twitch?

Answer 15

Contraction of muscle.

Question 16

Summation?

Answer 16

Multiple twitches.

Question 17

Tetanus?

Answer 17

Maximal force production of a muscle.

Question 18

Myogenesis?

Answer 18

Muscle fiber formation.

Question 19

When do muscles grow in training?

Answer 19

During recovery phase. Lifting causes the stimulus for them to grow but actually breaks them down.

Question 20

Why would muscles get smaller with aerobic training?

Answer 20

Lower ST fiber area increases oxygen kinetics with muscle.

Question 21

What type of muscle fiber can grow bigger and faster?

Answer 21

Fast twitch, slow twitch will still grow though.

Question 22

What type of training produces better gains?

Answer 22

ECC.

Question 23

Occlusive Resistance Exercise?

Answer 23

Blood flow mechanically reduced which results in pronounced lactate and growth hormone response. (Similar results in bodybuilding workouts)

Question 24

Do you need to damage muscles to make them grow?

Answer 24

No. Stimulus still occurs.

Question 25

Hyperplasia?

Answer 25

Longitudinal splitting of existing muscle fibers (new fiber development).