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AP Biology > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Early nonvascular land plants

A

lived in shallow water and had aerial roots

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2
Q

What is the tradeoff in plants?

A

Enhancing photosynthesis

Minimizing water loss

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3
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

the arrangement of leaves on a stem

important for light capture

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4
Q

As water availability increases,

A

Leaf size normally increases

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5
Q

Self-pruning

A

shedding of lower shaded leaves

they loose more than they gain through photosynthesis, so they are removed

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6
Q

Horizontal leaves

A

Better in low-light conditions since they capture more sunlight

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7
Q

Vertical leaves

A

Better in sunny conditions because they are less damaged by sun and allow light to reach lower leaves

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8
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Roots and hyphae of soil fungi form mutualistic associations

Increases surface area

Helps plants colonize land

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9
Q

Apoplast

A

refers to transport outside of the plasma membrane (not cell wall)

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10
Q

Symplast

A

refers to transport within the cytosol and plasmodesmata

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11
Q

The Apoplastic Route

A

through cell walls and extracellular spaces

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12
Q

The Symplastic Route

A

through the cytosol and plasmodesmata

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13
Q

The Transmembrane Route

A

Across cell walls

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14
Q

How is membrane potential established?

A

Pumping hydrogen ions by proton pumps

this establishes a concentration gradient

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15
Q

Water potential

A

a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure

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16
Q

Which way does water potential flow?

A

From regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential

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17
Q

Solute potential

A

always negative. lowers the water potential

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18
Q

Pressure potential

A

physical pressure on a solution, like from a cell wall

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19
Q

Turgor pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall and protoplast

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20
Q

Protoplast

A

living part of the cell, which also includes the membrane

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21
Q

What will happen to a flaccid cell?

A

Plasmolysis

If placed in a salty surrounding environment

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22
Q

Plasmolysis

A

occurs when the protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

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23
Q

Turgid

A

cell gains water

flaccid cell placed in lower solute concentration outside the cell

24
Q

Aquaporins

A

transport proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the passage of water

affect the rate of water movement across the membrane

25
Q

Endodermis

A

intermost layer of cells in root cortex

last checkpoint for selective passage into vascular tissue

26
Q

Casparian strip

A

blocks apoplectic transfer of minerals from the cortex to vascular tissue

water and minerals forced to cross a plasma membrane

27
Q

Xylem sap

A

water and dissolved minerals now in the vascular system

28
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from a plant’s surgace

29
Q

How does transpiration pull water?

A

When it evaporates, it needs more water to replace it

Creates negative pressure

30
Q

Root pressure

A

the water potential is low in the xylem, so it flows there

push of xylem sap

minor mechanism

31
Q

Guttation

A

effect of root pressure

exudation of water droplets on tips of leaves

32
Q

Adhesion

A

water molecules are attracted to cellulose in xylem cells

offsets the force of gravity

33
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules are attractched to eachother

34
Q

Does bulk flow require energy?

A

No. Largely driven by transpiration which relies on sunlight to open and close stomata

35
Q

Bulk flow versus diffusion

A

Driven by differences in pressure potential, not solute potential

occurs in dead and alive cells

moves the entire solution

faster

36
Q

What opens and closes stomata

A

Changes in turgid pressure

When turgid, guard cells bow outward and the pore opens

When flaccid, guard cells are less bowed and the pore closes

Results from K+ solute potential

37
Q

Stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by

A

Light

CO2 depletion

Circadian rhythms

38
Q

Abscisic acid

A

hormone produced in response to water deficiency and causes closure of stomata

39
Q

How does sugar move?

A

From source to sink through the phloem, specifically sieve tube

often requires active transport

40
Q

What else does the phloem transfer

A

Viruses, information, electrical signals

41
Q

The symplast does NOT transport

A

DNA

42
Q

Active transport at the cellular level does not require

A

Xylem membranes

43
Q

Which of the following would not normally function as a sink?

A

Mature leaf

44
Q

What process is not affected by proton gradients?

A

Xylem transport

45
Q

Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant?

A

Increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant

46
Q

If the guard cells and surrounding epidermal cells in a plant are deficient in potassium ions, all of the following would occur except

A

Leaf temperatures would decrease

47
Q

What drives water through the xylem?

A

Evaporation in leaves

48
Q

What does bulk flow not depend on?

A

Force of gravity

49
Q

Which is false of phloem cells?

A

Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap.

50
Q

One would expect to find the highest density of aquaporins in which of the following

A

the plasma membrane of guard cells

51
Q

CAM plants

A

Keep stomatas open at night for CO2

Keep stomatas closed during day to prevent transpiration

52
Q

What causes cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds between oxygen atom of one water molecule and hydrogen atom of another water molecule

53
Q

Sugar movement in phloem

A

Can go upwards and downwards

primarily goes downwards

54
Q

Tomato problem

A

Stomata apertures

55
Q

All of the following involve active transport across membranes except

A

the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next

AP Biology (13 decks)

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