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AP Biology > Chapter 16: DNA replication > Flashcards

Chapter 16: DNA replication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What carries a vast array of hereditary information?

A

Sequences of bases

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2
Q

Orgins of replication eukaryote vs. prokaryote

A

Eukaryote can have hundreds of origins

Prokaryotes only have one origin of replication

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3
Q

What direction does replication occur in?

A

Trick question happens in both directions from origin of replication

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4
Q

Helicases

A

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

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5
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

Bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

Held hold DNA strands apart

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6
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Relieves strain in the DNA ahead of the replication fork

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7
Q

Primase

A

Adds RNA primer

Short segments of RNA

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8
Q

What end can DNA polymerases add to?

A

Only 3’ end

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9
Q

DNA polymerases (collective)

A

Catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork

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10
Q

Difference between dATP and ATP

A

ATP has ribose

dATP has deoxyribose

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11
Q

Leading strand

A

Moves towards the replication fork

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12
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork

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13
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Synthesizes the lagging strand as a series of segments

The segments are then joined together by DNA ligase

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14
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

Synthesizes new DNA by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

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15
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

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16
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments

Joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand of DNA

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17
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

Repair enzymes and correct errors in base pairing

18
Q

Nuclease

A

Cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

Nucleotide excision repair

19
Q

Telomeres

A

Postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules

20
Q

Telomerase

A

Catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

Vital so whole genes do not get replaced

21
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

Is a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protein

22
Q

Interphase and Chromatin

A

At interphase chromatin is organized in a 10-nm fiber

Later is compacted into a 30-nm fiber

23
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packed chromatin

24
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed chromatin

So condensed that cells have trouble expressing genes

Centromeres and telomeres mostly

25
Q

What does a lack of telomerase result in?

A

Reduction in chromosome length

26
Q

What does the semi-conservative nature of DNA permit for?

A

Allows for daughter cells to inherit the different nucleotides

Example: In the e. coli problems the daughter cells always inherit the nucleotides

27
Q

What can fix hypoanthime?

A

Nuclease

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

28
Q

What will a lack of helicase result in?

A

No replication fork

29
Q

Polytene Chromosomes

A

Form by replication without seperation

30
Q

Histone H1

A

Is not present in nucleosome bead

Instead it draws the nucleosomes together

31
Q

Rank the levels of organization from smallest to largest

A

Nucleosome

30 nm

Looped domain

32
Q

Transformation in Bacteria

A

Means external DNA is taking into a cell

33
Q

What is needed for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to perform DNA replication?

A

Primers

Origin of replication

dNTP

Double the amount of DNA

34
Q

Okazaki fragments have…

A

5’ RNA

3’ DNA

35
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of DNA

A

DNA polymerase III

36
Q

Which enzymes work to repair a thymine dimer

A

Endonuclease

DNA polymerase I

DNA ligase

37
Q

Histones charge

A

Postive

38
Q

DNA charge

A

Negative

39
Q

Tetramers

A

Two types of tetramers form an octamer

40
Q

Does DNA contain phosphorous?

A

Yes

AP Biology (13 decks)

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