Chapter 26

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms

Question 2

Binomial

Answer 2

scientific name for a species

first part is genus

second part is specific

Question 3

Taxonomic groups

Answer 3

Domain (dear)

Kingdom (king)

Phylum (phillip)

Class (came)

Order (over)

Family (for)

Genus (great)

Species (sex)

Question 4

Branch points

Answer 4

Represent the divergence of two species

Question 5

Basal taxon

Answer 5

Diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

Question 6

Polytomy

Answer 6

Branch from which more than two groups emerge

Question 7

homology

Answer 7

similarity due to shared ancestry

Question 8

analogy

Answer 8

similarity due to convergent evolution

Question 9

Homplasies

Answer 9

Another word for analogous structures that evolved independently

Question 10

Cladistics

Answer 10

groups organisms by common descent

Question 11

Clade

Answer 11

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 12

Monophyletic

Answer 12

clade that consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Question 13

Paraphyletic

Answer 13

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Question 14

Polyphyletic

Answer 14

Grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Question 15

Shared ancestral character

Answer 15

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 16

shared derived character

Answer 16

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

trait not found in the common ancestor

Question 17

Maximum parsimony

Answer 17

Assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

Question 18

Best estimates of phylogenetic trees

Answer 18

Include information on morphological, molecular, and fossil information

Question 19

Orthologous genes

Answer 19

Found in a single copy between the genome and are homologous between species

Question 20

Paralogous genes

Answer 20

result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome

Question 21

Molecular clock

Answer 21

uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

Question 22

Kingdom Monera

Answer 22

Has been replaced with 2 domains

Question 23

Kingdom Protista

Answer 23

Paraphlytetic