Chapter 26 Flashcards
Taxonomy
Scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms
Binomial
scientific name for a species
first part is genus
second part is specific
Taxonomic groups
Domain (dear)
Kingdom (king)
Phylum (phillip)
Class (came)
Order (over)
Family (for)
Genus (great)
Species (sex)
Branch points
Represent the divergence of two species
Basal taxon
Diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group
Polytomy
Branch from which more than two groups emerge
homology
similarity due to shared ancestry
analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
Homplasies
Another word for analogous structures that evolved independently
Cladistics
groups organisms by common descent
Clade
group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
Monophyletic
clade that consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
Paraphyletic
consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
Polyphyletic
Grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor
Shared ancestral character
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared derived character
evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
trait not found in the common ancestor
Maximum parsimony
Assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely
Best estimates of phylogenetic trees
Include information on morphological, molecular, and fossil information
Orthologous genes
Found in a single copy between the genome and are homologous between species
Paralogous genes
result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
Molecular clock
uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
Kingdom Monera
Has been replaced with 2 domains
Kingdom Protista
Paraphlytetic
