Chapter 21

Question 1

Pseudogenes

Answer 1

Former genes that have accumulated MUTATIONS and are nonfunctional

they are not expressed

Question 2

Repetitive DNA

Answer 2

present in multiple copies of the genome

Question 3

Transposable elements

Answer 3

Move from one site to another in a cell’s DNA

Transposons and retrotransposons

Present in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 4

Transposon

Answer 4

Move by means of a DNA intermediate

Require a transposase enzyme

Question 5

Retrotransposons

Answer 5

Move by means of RNA intermediate

Use reverse transcriptase

Question 6

Alu elements

Answer 6

Large portion of transposable elements

found in primates

Represent the result of transposition

Question 7

What do many Alu elements code for?

Answer 7

RNA

can help regulate gene expression

Question 8

Simple sequence DNA

Answer 8

contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences

Question 9

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)

Answer 9

series of repeating 2-5 nucleotides

Question 10

Multigene families

Answer 10

Collections of identical or very similar genes

Often code for rRNA

Question 11

a-globins and b-globins

Answer 11

Non-identical multigene families

can be coded at different times for hemoglobin

Question 12

Polyploidy

Answer 12

Extra sets of chromosomes

Question 13

Lysozyme

Answer 13

Duplicated and evolved into the gene that encodes a-lactalbumin in mammals

Helps with milk production

Question 14

Exon shuffling

Answer 14

contributed to genome evolution

rearranges exons

Question 15

What happens if you insert transposable elements within a protein-coding sequence?

Answer 15

Could block protein production

Question 16

What happens if you insert transposable elements within a regulatory sequence?

Answer 16

Increase or decrease protein production

Question 17

Highly conserved genes

Answer 17

Change little over time

Question 18

Evo-devo

Answer 18

The study of the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms

Question 19

Homeobox

Answer 19

Code for a domain that allows a protein to bind to DNA and function as a transcription regulator

highly conserved

Question 20

What percentage of the genome is estimated to contain functional elements?

Answer 20

80%

Question 21

Why is it harder to sequence eukaryotes than prokaryotes?

Answer 21

Eukaryotes have more noncoding sequences

Introns and other shit

Question 22

Example of nonindentical genes

Answer 22

Hemoglobin

Fetal and adult are different

Question 23

Difference between STRs and transposable elements

Answer 23

STRs are clustered one after the other

Transposable elements are scattered throughout the genome

Question 24

What can mutations create?

Answer 24

1. Pseudogene
2. Gene with new function
3. Gene family with distinct but related members

Question 25

Homeotic genes

Answer 25

Selectively expressed as the organism develops

Question 26

Homologous genes in different species

Answer 26

Means they descended from a common ancestor

Question 27

Evidence that we share common evolutionary history with Neanderthals

Answer 27

Small number of modern homo sapiens have Neanderthal sequences (lexie's cousin)

Question 28

Homeotic genes

Answer 28

Encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures

Question 29

Genomic hot spots

Answer 29

Areas that have the most disease, mutate the most, most often correspond with chromsomal breakpoints (3)

Question 30

Why is it unwise to try to relate an organism's complexity with its size or number of cells?

Answer 30

Single celled organism still has to conduct complex life functions like the large celled organism

Question 31

How do multigene families arise?

Answer 31

Duplication