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AP Biology > Chapter 11: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Most cell signals

A

Chemicals

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2
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

Type of yeast that uses chemical signaling for mating

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3
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Allows bacterial populations to coordinate their behaviors in activities that require a given number of cells

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4
Q

Biofilm

A

Example of quorum sensing

Bacterial cells come together to get nutrients off of surface they are on

Slimy coating on leaves, logs, and teeth

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5
Q

Evolution and cell communication

A

Same set of signaling mechanisms show up in a variety of species

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6
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Convert signals received at cell’s surface into cellular responses

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7
Q

Local signaling

A

Animal and plant cells can communicate by direct contact

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8
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Found in animal and plant cells to coordinate signaling

Signaling molecules in cytosol pass freely between one another

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9
Q

Gap junction

A

Cell Junction in Animals

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10
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cell Junction in Plants

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11
Q

Growth factors

A

Stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide

Paracrine signaling

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12
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

numerous cells can respond to signal molecules

local signaling

growth factors

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13
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

animal nervous system when a neurotrasmiter is released in response to an electric signal

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14
Q

Hormones

A

Both animals and plants use for long distance signaling

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15
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids (blood)

Hormones reach all body cells but are only picked up by some

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16
Q

Earl W. Sutherland

A

Discovered how the hormone epinephrine works on cells

EXPAND ON!!!!!!

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17
Q

3 Stages of Cell Signaling

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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18
Q

Reception

A

Signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on target cell

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19
Q

Transduction

A

Concerts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

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20
Q

Response

A

Transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response

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21
Q

Examples of cellular response

A

Catalysis of an enzyme

rearrangement of cytoskeleton

activation of a certain gene through transcription

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22
Q

Ligand

A

Signal molecule

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23
Q

Are receptors specific?

A

Yes they are highly specific

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24
Q

Initial transduction of a signal

A

Shape change in the receptor

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25
What are most signal receptors?
Plasma membrane proteins
26
3 Types of Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors
27
G protein
Bind the energy rich GTP G proteins are all very similar in structure Study the diagram for more information
28
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosine Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once
29
What does abnormal RTK contribute to?
Cancer
30
Ligand gated ion channel
Gate when receptor changes shape Specific ions flow through a channel in the receptor
31
Intracellular Receptors
Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells Small hydrophobic chemical messengers cross the plasma membrane and activate them Can act as a transcription factor Ex: steriod and thryoid hormones
32
Multistep transduction pathways...
can amplify a signal provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the cellular response
33
What happens at each step of the signal transduction pathway?
Signal is transduced into another form Usually a shape change in protein
34
Protein kinases
Transfer phosphates from ATP to protein Can transfer phosphate to another protein kinase Called phosphorylation
35
phosphorylation cascade
many relay molecules in signal transduction pathways
36
Protein Phosphates (PP) Molecules
Take away phosphate from activated protein kinase Dephosphorylation
37
How do phoshorylation and dephosphorylation work?
As a switch that can turn activities on and off or up and down as required
38
Second messengers
Small, non protein water soluble molecules that spread through a cell by diffusion
39
Cyclic AMP
Second messenger activates protein kinase A
40
Adenylyl cyclase
Enzyme in plasma membrane Converts ATP to cAMP Can be triggered by G-protein or RTK
41
What is import in regard to cAMP
Important to have a different signaling molecule that inhibits adenylyl cyclase Activates a g-protein to inhibit
42
Ca concentration in the cell
Low in the cytosol High in the ER and the mitochondria
43
Ca concentration in the cell
Low in the cytosol High in the ER and the mitochondria
44
Ca pumps
Require ATP to pump Ca from low concentration to high concentration Located on ER and Mitochondria
45
IP3 and DAG
Additional second messengers that signal calcium to release Produced by cleavage of a certain phospholipid in the membrane
46
Phospholipase C
Appears to create IP3 and DAG
47
Output response
Cell's response to an extracellular signal
48
How do cellular responses work?
Normally occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus A lot of times they turn genes on or off to regulate enzyme and protein production OR they regulate the activity of enzymes directly
49
Transcription Factor
Final activated molecule in the signaling pathway Turns genes on or off
50
Four aspects of signal regulation
1. Amplification of the signal 2. Specificity of the response 3. Overall efficiency of response 4. Termination of the signal MIGHT BE MORE THAN JUST ON OR OFF
51
Enzyme cascades
Amplify the cell's response to the signal
52
Specificity of cell signaling and response
All cells have different proteins They recieve different signals Even the same signals act differently in different cells depending on the internal proteins and pathways
53
Cross Talk
Pathway branching Help the cell coordinate incoming signals
54
Scaffolding Proteins
Large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached Increase the efficiency of the signal transduction
55
Termination of the signal
Once ligand concentration falls, fewer receptors will be bound (epinephrine wearing off) Unbound receptors revert to an inactive state
56
What types of cells undergo apoptosis?
Cells that are infected or damaged
57
Apoptosis
Cell suicide for the greater good
58
What happens in apoptosis?
Components of the cell are chopped up and packaged into vesicles that are digested by scavenger cells Enzymes can't leak out and harm neighboring cells cause it gets cleaned up
59
How is apoptosis triggered?
By signals Once the signal is recieved a cascade of caspase proteins occurs
60
Chief caspase in apotosis in nematodes
Ced-3
61
How many caspases do humans have
15
62
Internal signals for apoptosis (not a ligand)
Result from irreparable DNA damage or excessive protein misfolding Kill yourself cause you screwed up
63
When is apoptosis essential?
In early development and maintenance of all animals Normal part of development of human hands and feet not to be webbed

AP Biology (13 decks)

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