Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 11: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Most cell signals

A

Chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

Type of yeast that uses chemical signaling for mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Allows bacterial populations to coordinate their behaviors in activities that require a given number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biofilm

A

Example of quorum sensing

Bacterial cells come together to get nutrients off of surface they are on

Slimy coating on leaves, logs, and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolution and cell communication

A

Same set of signaling mechanisms show up in a variety of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Convert signals received at cell’s surface into cellular responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Local signaling

A

Animal and plant cells can communicate by direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Found in animal and plant cells to coordinate signaling

Signaling molecules in cytosol pass freely between one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gap junction

A

Cell Junction in Animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cell Junction in Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Growth factors

A

Stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide

Paracrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

numerous cells can respond to signal molecules

local signaling

growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

animal nervous system when a neurotrasmiter is released in response to an electric signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones

A

Both animals and plants use for long distance signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids (blood)

Hormones reach all body cells but are only picked up by some

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Earl W. Sutherland

A

Discovered how the hormone epinephrine works on cells

EXPAND ON!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 Stages of Cell Signaling

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reception

A

Signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transduction

A

Concerts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Response

A

Transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of cellular response

A

Catalysis of an enzyme

rearrangement of cytoskeleton

activation of a certain gene through transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ligand

A

Signal molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are receptors specific?

A

Yes they are highly specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Initial transduction of a signal

A

Shape change in the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are most signal receptors?

A

Plasma membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 Types of Membrane Receptors

A

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Ion channel receptors

27
Q

G protein

A

Bind the energy rich GTP

G proteins are all very similar in structure

Study the diagram for more information

28
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosine

Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once

29
Q

What does abnormal RTK contribute to?

A

Cancer

30
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

Gate when receptor changes shape

Specific ions flow through a channel in the receptor

31
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

Small hydrophobic chemical messengers cross the plasma membrane and activate them

Can act as a transcription factor

Ex: steriod and thryoid hormones

32
Q

Multistep transduction pathways…

A

can amplify a signal

provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the cellular response

33
Q

What happens at each step of the signal transduction pathway?

A

Signal is transduced into another form

Usually a shape change in protein

34
Q

Protein kinases

A

Transfer phosphates from ATP to protein

Can transfer phosphate to another protein kinase

Called phosphorylation

35
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

many relay molecules in signal transduction pathways

36
Q

Protein Phosphates (PP) Molecules

A

Take away phosphate from activated protein kinase

Dephosphorylation

37
Q

How do phoshorylation and dephosphorylation work?

A

As a switch that can turn activities on and off or up and down as required

38
Q

Second messengers

A

Small, non protein water soluble molecules that spread through a cell by diffusion

39
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

Second messenger

activates protein kinase A

40
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

Enzyme in plasma membrane

Converts ATP to cAMP

Can be triggered by G-protein or RTK

41
Q

What is import in regard to cAMP

A

Important to have a different signaling molecule that inhibits adenylyl cyclase

Activates a g-protein to inhibit

42
Q

Ca concentration in the cell

A

Low in the cytosol

High in the ER and the mitochondria

43
Q

Ca concentration in the cell

A

Low in the cytosol

High in the ER and the mitochondria

44
Q

Ca pumps

A

Require ATP to pump Ca from low concentration to high concentration

Located on ER and Mitochondria

45
Q

IP3 and DAG

A

Additional second messengers that signal calcium to release

Produced by cleavage of a certain phospholipid in the membrane

46
Q

Phospholipase C

A

Appears to create IP3 and DAG

47
Q

Output response

A

Cell’s response to an extracellular signal

48
Q

How do cellular responses work?

A

Normally occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus

A lot of times they turn genes on or off to regulate enzyme and protein production

OR they regulate the activity of enzymes directly

49
Q

Transcription Factor

A

Final activated molecule in the signaling pathway

Turns genes on or off

50
Q

Four aspects of signal regulation

A
  1. Amplification of the signal
  2. Specificity of the response
  3. Overall efficiency of response
  4. Termination of the signal

MIGHT BE MORE THAN JUST ON OR OFF

51
Q

Enzyme cascades

A

Amplify the cell’s response to the signal

52
Q

Specificity of cell signaling and response

A

All cells have different proteins

They recieve different signals

Even the same signals act differently in different cells depending on the internal proteins and pathways

53
Q

Cross Talk

A

Pathway branching

Help the cell coordinate incoming signals

54
Q

Scaffolding Proteins

A

Large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached

Increase the efficiency of the signal transduction

55
Q

Termination of the signal

A

Once ligand concentration falls, fewer receptors will be bound (epinephrine wearing off)

Unbound receptors revert to an inactive state

56
Q

What types of cells undergo apoptosis?

A

Cells that are infected or damaged

57
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide for the greater good

58
Q

What happens in apoptosis?

A

Components of the cell are chopped up and packaged into vesicles that are digested by scavenger cells

Enzymes can’t leak out and harm neighboring cells cause it gets cleaned up

59
Q

How is apoptosis triggered?

A

By signals

Once the signal is recieved a cascade of caspase proteins occurs

60
Q

Chief caspase in apotosis in nematodes

A

Ced-3

61
Q

How many caspases do humans have

A

15

62
Q

Internal signals for apoptosis (not a ligand)

A

Result from irreparable DNA damage or excessive protein misfolding

Kill yourself cause you screwed up

63
Q

When is apoptosis essential?

A

In early development and maintenance of all animals

Normal part of development of human hands and feet not to be webbed

AP Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions