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AP Biology > Chapter 15: Chromosomal Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Chromosomal Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Morgan study Drosophila melanogaster?

A
  1. They produce many offspring
  2. A generation can be bred every two weeks
  3. They only have four pairs of chromosomes
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2
Q

Wild type

A

Normal phenotype

More common

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3
Q

What was the key to the development of the chromosome theory of inheritance?

A

Morgan’s discovery of a trait that correlated with the sex of flies

Only males had white eyes

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4
Q

SRY

A

Sex determining region on the Y

Responsible for development of the testes in an embryo

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5
Q

Common x-linked recessive disorders

A

Color blindless

Muscular dystrophy

Hemophilia

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6
Q

Barr body

A

Only one of two x chromosomes is used

The inactivated x chromsome condenses into a Barr body

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7
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located on the same chromsome that tend to be inherited together

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8
Q

What did morgan find about linked genes?

A

Body color and wing size are usually inherited together

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9
Q

Genetic recombination

A

The production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent

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10
Q

When is a 50% frequency of recombination observed?

A

Any two genes on different chromosomes

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11
Q

Variation factors

A

Recombinant chromosomes (caused by crossing over)

Random fertilization

All increases genetic variation with natural selection works upon

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12
Q

Genetic map

A

Ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

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13
Q

What did Sturtevant predict?

A

The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that crossing over will occur and therefore have a higher recombination frequency

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14
Q

Map units

A

Distance between genes

Centimorgan or map unit=1% recomonbination frequency

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15
Q

How did Sturtevant find linkage groups?

A

Saw that genes clustered into four groups of linked genes

Provided additional evidence that genes are on chromosomes

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16
Q

Plants and genetic changes

A

They tolerate them much better than animals

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17
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

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18
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

All offspring do not have the correct number of a particular chromsome

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19
Q

Monosomic

A

Zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome

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20
Q

Trisomic

A

Zygote has three copies of particular chromsome

21
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition in which an organism had more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Ex: Triploidy and tetreploidy

Polyploids are common in plants

More normal in appearance than aneuploidy

22
Q

Deletion

A

Removes a chromosomal segment

23
Q

Duplication

A

Repeats a segment

24
Q

Inversion

A

Reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome

25
Q

Translocation

A

Moves a segment from one chromosome to another

26
Q

Syndrome

A

a specific set of symptoms

27
Q

Down syndrome

A

An aneuploid condition that results from three chromsome 21s

28
Q

XXX females

A

Aneuploids

Completely healthy

29
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY extra chromosome in males

30
Q

XO females

A

Turner syndrome (monosomy x)

Females are sterile

31
Q

What is the only viable monosomy?

A

X0

45-X

Turner syndrome

32
Q

Translocations of chromsomes…

A

can cause certian cancers

33
Q

Two execptions to normal Mendelian genetics

A
  1. Chromosomes located in the nucleus

2. Genes located outside the nucleus

34
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Silencing of certain genes depending on which parent passes them on

Result of methylation (CH3)

35
Q

Result of methylation

A

Genomic imprinting

36
Q

What is important about genomic imprinting?

A

Has to be reversible so you dont have individuals with completely silenced genes after meiosis

37
Q

Extranuclear genes

A

Found in organelles

Ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts

38
Q

How are extranuclear genes inherited?

A

Maternally

Zygote’s cytoplasm comes from the egg

39
Q

First evidence of extranuclear genes

A

Patches of color on leaves

Chloroplast genes

40
Q

Defects in mitochondrial genes

A

Can prevent cells from making enough ATP

Affects muscular and nervous systems

41
Q

Autosomal genes

A

Regular chromosomes

Not sex linked or anything

42
Q

What do crossovers cause?

A

Recombination

43
Q

Why can’t we use map units for physical distances?

A

Frequency of crossing over varies

44
Q

Philadelphia

A

Chromosome 22

45
Q

Where does down syndrome come from?

A

Nondisjunction in either parent in gamete cell production

46
Q

Theory of inheritance

A

Genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and in turn segregate during meiosis

47
Q

Non-reciprocal crossover

A

Deletion and duplication

48
Q

XIST gene

A

Activated only one x chromosome on females

49
Q

Inversion on chromsome

A

abnormal gametes may be found

AP Biology (13 decks)

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