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Biology 1620 > Chapter 33 and Part of 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 and Part of 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

Happens when algae that live with coral die because of changes in levels of water and discolor coral because it cant give enough oxygen to coral.

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2
Q

What is a Bilateria?

A

A classification that classifies animals and they arent always bilateral in all stages of life.

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3
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cnidarians?

A

Polyp and Medusa (Jellyfish; free swimming)

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4
Q

What are the Nematocysts?

A

They are toxic threads that do no harm unless a “trigger” is tripped.

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of cnidarians?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. mature polyp
  3. Portion of a colony of polyps
  4. Medusa buds and feeding polyps are created
  5. Medusa
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6
Q

What are Porifera? Name some characteristcs?

A

Porifera are sponges.

  • They are animals because they are mulitcellular
  • Have no true tissue
  • Asymmetrical
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7
Q

What are choanocyte?

A

It is one of the many cells on the inside of one of the tubes of sponges. When water circulates through food gets caught on the collar and gets moved to the choanocyte.

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8
Q

What is the collar?

A

The collar is the part on the choanocyte that collects the food as the water circulates through the sponges.

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9
Q

What is the amoebocyte?

A

An amoebocyte has the same function as humans and moves the food created through phagocytosis to another part of the body of the sponge.

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10
Q

What Platyhelminthes?

A

Flatworms

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11
Q

What does Acoelomate mean?

A
  • Organisms that have a mesoderm but it does not create a cavity.
  • They dont have sophisticated systems
  • Everything has to come from the outside.
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12
Q

What are the 3 different types of flatworms?

A

Planarians, Flukes, and tapeworms

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13
Q

What is the life cycle of a fluke?

A

They have a very complex life style and they like to live in the cells of an organism.
- They have motile and movable larva that comes out of dead snails and transfers to human.

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14
Q

What is a tapeworm? and list a few characteristics of them.

A

A tape worm is a flatworm and is a parasite just like the rest of the platyhelminthes group.

  • They have segments on the tape worm called proglottids.
  • They are very well adapted parasites and hosts usually dont notice they have them.
  • Scolex is the head of the tape worm
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15
Q

What are brachiopods?

A

They could be mistaken for molluscs.

  • they were known as fossils bfore they became animals
  • have a foot
  • they come up and down on sand
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16
Q

What are some animals in the Annelida phylum?

A

Leeches and earth worms

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of annelids?

A

eucoelomates, protostomes, triploblastic, segmented bodies

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18
Q

What was the cool fact talked about in class about leeches?

A

They have a mutualistic relationship with humans. They used leeches to suck blood (sicknesses) out. Leeches are still used today to take the bad blood out and let new blood be made.

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19
Q

What is the clitellum on the earth worms?

A

is the part of the body where it is a bigger segment of the worm.

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20
Q

What are Chaetae?

A

Are the spine like hairs that anchor the worm in the dirt and allows it to move through soil.

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21
Q

What is the crop?

A

The crop is where the food that has been into is stored until it moves to the gizzard.

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22
Q

What is the gizzard?

A

The gizzard is where the food eaten is grinded down completely by the rocks and stones that were swallowed by worm.

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23
Q

What are the 4 main groups of molluscs?

A

Chiton
Gastropods
Bivalve
Cephalopods

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24
Q

What is the Mantle?

A

The mantle is the part of molluscs where the shell rides on top of the mantle.

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25
Q

What is the foot?

A

The foot is what molluscs use to move around. (diagnostic characteristic)

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26
Q

What is the Radula?

A

The part that looks like a chainsaw. They are teeth that can do lots of damage and grind things down.

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27
Q

What are gastropods?

A

(stomach foot) snails, slugs, sea slugs (nudibranch)

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28
Q

What are bivalves?

A

Huge clams, mussels and clams

29
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

(head foot) squids, octopi, chambered nautilus

30
Q

Why are molluscs a big group of extinctions?

A

They are going extinct because of environmental change

  • clear cutting
  • over collecting (trade with sea shells; like money)
31
Q

What are Nematoda?

A

round worms

32
Q

What is the trichinella worm?

A

They cause trichinosis.

  • they are the smallest human nematode parasites yet also the largest intracellular parasite.
  • Live inside the cells of mammals.
33
Q

Why are nematodes so important?

A

They nematodes are crucial to soil.

  • Predators of soils
  • Benefit us because make rich soils
  • they attack plants
34
Q

What are the different groups of Arthropods?

A 
Trilobites
Horseshoe crabs
Arachnida
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Crustacea
Insecta
35
Q

What are some common characteristics of the Arthropoda?

A
  • They have an exoskeleton.
  • Chitin is very useful and makes up exoskeleton
  • Open circulatory system
    • Oxygen is passed through holes from outside to in
  • Segmented body
  • jointed appendages
36
Q

What are trilobites?

A

They fossilize very well

- Trilobite larvae are immature stages of horseshoe crabs

37
Q

Why are horseshoe crabs so interesting?

A

Horseshoe crabs go all the way back to trilobite times and look very closely to how they looked in the past.
- Their blood is blue and they could be good in finding immune deficiencies in our body.

38
Q

What are arachnids?

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites, daddy long legs

39
Q

What are some characteristics of arachnids?

A
  • Four sets of legs
  • Most make webs
    • Make a sticky, long silk to capture prey
    • Ballooning - let silk shoot out until wind picks them up.
40
Q

What are chilopoda?

A

Centipedes

41
Q

What are diplopoda?

A

Millipedes

42
Q

why do predators stay away from these animals?

A

they are enriched with chemicals and they have nasty blood.

43
Q

What are Crustacea?

A

lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, krill

44
Q

What are some characteristics of crustacea?

A
  • Have lots of appendages in mouthparts
  • 5 sets of legs
  • Metamerization (phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure)
45
Q

What are some facts about krill?

A

They are small crustaceans and they are present by the quadrillions.

  • Abundant in higher latitude because cooler water hold more oxygen.
  • Balene whales eat krill
46
Q

What are Barnacles?

A

They can grow on flat surfaces, they are filter feeders and are sessile (fixed in one place; immobile)

47
Q

What is the insecta phylum?

A

Insects

48
Q

How many segments do insects have?

A

3; the Head, the thorax, and the abdomen

49
Q

What part of the body do the legs attach?

A

Legs are all attached to the thorax.

50
Q

What is Complete Metamorphosis?

A

Immature stage does not look the same as Adult stage.

There are four stages of complete metamorphosis Egg > larva > pupa > Adult

51
Q

What is Incomplete Metamorphosis?

A

The immature stages look like the adult.

There are three stages Egg > Nymph > Adult

52
Q

What are the 6 orders of insects?

A

Complete metamorphosis: Coleoptera (beetles, Rhinoceros beetles), Diptera (flies, mosquitoes; this order has 2 wings), Hymneoptera (bees, wasps, and ants; this order has four wings; stinger on ants usually come from females), Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths, and skippers; wings are covered in scales)
Incomplete metamorphosis: Hemiptera (look like beetles but you can tell the difference when looking at their younger stages), Orthoptera (grass hoppers)

53
Q

What are echinodermata?

A

starfish and sea urchins

54
Q

What are some characteristics of echinodermata?

A

Deuterostomes, triploblastic, eucoelomates, bilateral symmetry when larvae, but penta-radial as an adult, has water vascular system

55
Q

what are the sister phylum to chordata?

A

echinodermata

56
Q

What are the defining characteristics or key characteristics of chordates?

A
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
  • Notochord
  • Pharyngeal slits looks like gills behind mouth
  • Post anal tail
57
Q

what are tunicates?

A

They are animals that sits at the bottom of ocean and does not look like typical vertebrate or chordates but has all of the characteristics.

58
Q

What does vertebrae mean?

A

structure that is bony or cartilage that hold shape or makes up the backs/vertebra of animals

59
Q

What two vertebrate chordates were discussed in class?

A

Lamprey and hag fish

60
Q

What are hagfish?

A

They are decomposers and they dont have jaws.

61
Q

What are lampreys?

A

They have sucker mouths with teeth and also does not have a jaw.

62
Q

What is the possible evolution of the jaw?

A

Jaws are modified skeletal bones

- early evolution the jaw came from vertebrae

63
Q

What are chondrichthyes?

A

They are cartilage fish like sharks and rays. They have no bones but have jaws and vertebrae is made out of cartilage.

64
Q

Why is the lobe fin fish so important?

A

They are the most closely related to us.

  • they lived in anoxic waters (without oxygen)
  • They can and became experts in gulping air.
  • Made a primitive version of a lung
  • air sacs were made to keep fish sloating to not use as much energy was evolved into keeping air to breathe. They can gulp air and keep air in their “lungs” for low oxygen water buildup. (lung fish)
65
Q

What was the evolution of bone structures of tetrapods?

A

There were changes and development of ulna and radius. They are now able to move and walk with the development of these parts of the arms.

66
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

Allen’s rule is where animals that live in colder climates (arctic fox) have shorter extremities and animals that live in warmer climates (desert fox) has longer extremities.

67
Q

What is Bergmann’s rule?

A

Bergmann’s rules states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, population and species of larger size are found in colder climates while species of smaller size are found in warmer climates.

68
Q

What are Amphibia and some of their characteristics?

A

They include toads, frogs, and salamanders

  • they do not have amniotic eggs
  • unlike reptiles who breathes through muscles and ribs, they breathe through a pharynx.

Biology 1620 (15 decks)

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