Chapter 27 Flashcards
What is so significant about the Flashlight Fish?
They use bioluminescent bacteria which are found in their membranes. They light up to attract prey and mates.
What is symbiosis?
Some kind of relationship between two species.
What is a Mutualism symbiosis?
It is when both species are benefitted. Birds get food off of ox or hippo and the hippo is cleaned. Sharks with the fishes that follow them. The fish get protection while sharks are cleaned.
What is a competition symbiosis?
When both have negative effects.
Ex: Deer and Elk or Chipmunks and squirrels who compete for nuts to survive
What is a parasitic/predator and prey symbiosis?
Example will be a Jack Rabbit being hunted.
What is a conventional symbiosis?
one is benefitted but the other organism has no effect.
Ex: bacteria in stomach; benefits the bacteria but does nothing to us
What is a Amensalism symbiosis?
One organism has a negative effect and the other has no effect.
Ex: humans stepping on an ant
What are extreme prokaryotes?
They are prokaryotes that have specific traits and have adapted to extreme conditions.
What are some conditions that Extreme Prokaryotes can live in?
(Halobacterium) some are the most salt tolerant species on Earth. (like ones living in the Great Salt Lake)
(Deinococcus radiodurans) can tolerate 3 million rads of radiation (3,000 times the human lethal dose)
(Picrophilus oshimae) can grow at a pH of 0.03 (acidic enough to dissolve metal)
What are the different parts of the bacteria?
Fimbriae Capsule Cell wall Circular chromosome Internal organization Flagella Sex pilus
Describe the sex pilus
It is the part of the bacteria that looks like a fimbriae but is a long structure.
Describe the fimbriae
can help move bacteria around little hairs around the capsule
- also allow some prokaryotes to stick to surfaces or other organisms
Describe the flagella
A structure that propels and moves bacteria around aqueous solutions etc.
What are the three different shapes of prokaryotes?
Spherical
Rod shaped
spiral
What are Gram Positive bacteria?
They are the type of bacteria that have the peptidoglycan layer on the outside of the bacteria.
What are Gram Negative bacteria?
The type of bacteria that have the peptidoglycan layer on the inside of the cell wall of bacteria.
In the Bacteria domain, what are absent and present? (Considering Nuclear envelope, Membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall)
Nuclear Envelope: Absent
Membrane enclose organelles: Absent
Peptidoglycan in cell wall: Present
In the Archaea domain, what are absent and present? (Considering Nuclear envelope, Membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall)
Nuclear Envelope: Absent
Membrane enclosed organelles: Absent
Peptidoglycan in cell wall: Absent
In the Eukarya domain, what are absent and present? (Considering Nuclear envelope, Membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall)
Nuclear envelope: Present
Membrane enclosed organelles: Present
Peptidoglycan in cell wall: Absent
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in bacteria?
Formyl methionine
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in Archaea?
Methionine
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in Eukarya?
Methionine
Describe the problem with Anthrax.
Anthrax has a multi layered coat that creates an endospore. It is hard to kill anthrax because of this.
What is an endospore and why is it so hard to kill? Why is it so hard to kill an endospore?
Because it has the ability to go into a protective form called an endospore.
What is the process of creating this multi-layered coat around B. anthracis?
One daughter cell encloses over other daughter cell and makes another coat and layer.
What is so significant about the Anabaena (blue green algae)?
- They have metabolic cooperation.
- It is a step in process of multicellular organisms.
- Each cell has a chance to become a heterocyst or a photosynthetic cell.
What are the two types of cells that an Anabaena creates?
Heterocyst of photosynthetic cells
What is the ability of directed movement of a prokaryote called?
Taxis
What is movement towards a stimulus?
Positive movement
What is movement away from stimulus?
Negative movement
What is Chemotaxis? Phototaxis? Geotaxis?
Chemotaxis is movement towards or away from chemicals
Phototaxis is movement towards or away from light
Geotaxis is movement towards or away from gravity
What is Bacterial Conjugation?
It is the one way transfer of genetic material.
- One bacterial cell has genetic material and transfers it to another bacterial cell.
What is Bacterial Transformation?
It is where no carriers are involved.
bacteria joins with DNA and either is integrated or is separate and exists as a plasmid.
What is Bacterial Transduction?
Transduction has a virus involved = Bacteriophage.
- Creates different scenerios of evolution
- Bacteria is replicated and proteins are synthesized in a donor cell. This creates caspid that will then transmit to another cell and change up the genotype of the cell.
What are Chlamydias and what do they look like? What disease do they cause?
They look like they have a nuclei, they are very abundant and many sexually transmitted diseases, (easily treatable)
What are spirochetes? What do they look like? and what disease do they cause?
Flagella make them spin around; shaped like a spiral and have a spiral flagella. causes syphylis and lyme disease.
What are Cyanobacteria? What do they look like?
These are the only bacteria that photosynthesize.
- AKA bluegreen algea,
- they are prokaryotic and have chloroplasts.
- beginning of plants.
What is streptomyces? What do they do?
Looks like curly fries. There are lots of species of streptomyces.
They create antibiotics for soil to fight off and ward off other bacteria, good place to find anitbiotics
What is bioprospecting?
Where you look for interesting molecules to make medicine.
What are Mycoplasmas?
They are the only bacteria known that do not have a cell wall
They look like fungi but they are not
Most Mycoplasmas are free-living soil bacteria.
What does the Borellia burgodorferi bacteria do? Where do you get it from?
It causes lyme disease.
comes from deer tick bites (more common in the east)
What is bioremediation?
is when Metals and contamination of bad elements on flowers make them unhealthy but then using living forms to bring plants back to better stages.
Effort to take plants into places that they are adapted to and let them clean out toxic sites.
