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Biology 1620 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Paleontology?

A

The study of fossils

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2
Q

What are the two groups of dinosaurs?

A

Ornithischia and Saurischia

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3
Q

What is Ornithischia?

A

Dinosaurs that have not gone extinct. (Ex: birds)

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4
Q

What is a Saurischia?

A

Dinosaurs that are extinct.

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5
Q

What was the simulated volcanic eruption experiment?

A

Miller conducted an experiment simulating a volcanic eruption in 1953. It was tested again in 2008 but almost twice as much amino acids were produced. Change in atmosphere has caused this change in results.

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6
Q

What was the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

This experiment took molecules and put them into a petri dish and heated it up. They shocked it with electricity to get a couple of the molecules to work.
This also created biological molecules.

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7
Q

What are deep sea alkaline vents? Why are they important to consider?

A

Alkaline vents are deep-sea vents that release water that has a high pH and is warm rather than hot. This could have had an environment more suitable for the origin of life.
-They are filled with hydrocarbons. Tiny pores and catalytic minerals may have evolved early life forms.

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8
Q

What time period was the start of fossil evidence?

A

600 million years ago is the start of fossil evidence

life existed way before we found the first multicellular life form

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9
Q

What was the Hallucigenia?

A

They were organisms that did not have backbones or a hardy structure. They out of luck survived and were fossilized.

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10
Q

What was the significance of the Tiktaalik Rosea?

A

They are extinct aquatic organisms that is the closest known relative of the four-legged vertebrates that went on to colonize land.

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11
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Found in Australia, groups of bacteria that bound together to create structures called stromatolites. Lived about 3 billion years ago.

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12
Q

What does it mean when something is fossilized?

A

When things are fossilized they usually mean less or no oxygen.

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13
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Forming a date that is “relative” to where they are in the level of sediment.
- knowing where they occur in layers.

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14
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

It is giving a real year to a fossil.

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15
Q

What is radiometric dating?

A

a common technique to determine the absolute age of a fossil and is based on the decay of radioactive “parent” isotopes.

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16
Q

What is half life?

A

Half life is the time that is required for 50% of the “parent” isotope to decay into a daughter isotope.

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17
Q

What is carbon dating? Why is it so important?

A

Carbon dating is very important in knowing age of organisms. Carbon-14 is rare and it breaks down.

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18
Q

What is Dendochronology?

A

Andrew Douglass - an American Astronomer used the differences in tree ring widths to understand previous growth patterns in trees.

19
Q

In what ways does dendochronology help in forming dates for organisms?

A
  • It helps to see how long an organism has lived and also the changes in temperatures and climates.
  • Thicker rings had more nutrients while thin rings meant there was some sort of drought and didnt have enough nutrients.
  • Verify carbon-dating.
20
Q

What are the three different era in Geologic record?

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic.

21
Q

What are the different periods in the cenozoic era from youngest to oldest?

A

Quaternary
Neogene
Paleogene

22
Q

What are the different periods in the Mesozoic era from youngest to oldest?

A

Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

23
Q

What are the different periods in the Paleozoic era from youngest to oldest?

A 
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
24
Q

When did the Paleozoic era start?

A

542 million years ago.

25
Q

When did the Paleozoic era end?

A

251 million years ago

26
Q

When did the Mesozoic era start?

A

251 million years ago

27
Q

When did the Mesozoic era end?

A

65.5 million years ago

28
Q

When did the Cenozoic era start?

A

65.5 million years ago.

29
Q

What was happening before the Paleozoic period?

A

There were simple forms of different things.

-Endosymbiont Theory of Eukaryote Evolution.

30
Q

What is the Endosymbiont Theory of Eukaryote Evolution?

A
  • The ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes (used oxygen to metabolize organic molecules obtained from other organisms)
  • The ancestors of plastids were photosynthetic prokaryotes.
31
Q

Who thought of the Endosymbiont Theory of Eukaryote Evolution?

A

Lynn Margulis.

32
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

Tectonic plates are the earth’s crust that is split up into different sections.

33
Q

Name a few tectonic plates on the earth today.

A

North American Plate, South American Plate, African Plate, Indian plate.

34
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

It is the theory that continents are part of great plates of Earth’s crust that float on the hot underlying portion of the mantle.

35
Q

How fast do plate tectonics separate?

A

Rate of fingernails.

36
Q

Continental drift plays a huge role in…

A

Allopatric Isolation.

37
Q

What were the different names of the different stages of continental drift?

A
  • Paleozoic: All land masses were joined in a supercontinent called Pangea.
  • Mesozoic (about 135mya): Laurasia and Gondwana landmasses were created.
  • Start of Cenozoic (about 65.5mya): Present day continents were made.
  • 45mya: Collision of India and Eurasia
38
Q

What is the Alvarez hypothesis?

A

Luis and Walter Alvarez noticed the element iridium between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic boundary. This shows evidence of meteors hitting the earth during that time.

39
Q

What happen in the Yucatan Peninsula?

A

Chicxulub crater where a meteor hit.

40
Q

What is adaptive Radiation?

A

Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow thme to fill different ecological roles, or niches, in their communities.
Ex: Adaptive radiation of Mammals (common ancestors are lemurs)

41
Q

What is Heterochrony?

A

It is a change in the timing of development.
Ex: the growth of the jaw of a human skull has been slowed because of mutations and as a result the skull of an adult is more similar to the skull of an infant. Unlike Chimpanzees.

42
Q

What is Paedomorphosis?

A

it is the retention of juvenile features in adults.

Ex: the axolotl salamander becomes a sexually mature adult but has certain larval (tadpole) characteristics.

43
Q

What happened in the change of periods from Ediacaran to Cambrian?

A

There was a sudden increase in diversity of many animal phyla (Cambrian Explosion)

Biology 1620 (15 decks)

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