Chapter 22

Question 1

What was some of James Hutton’s ideas?

Answer 1

Uniformitarianism: processes happening in nature now has existed through out history and still has same purpose.
His book influences Lyell to then publish principles of Geology.

Question 2

Who is Malthus and what was some of his ideas?

Answer 2

He was a demographer. Found that population grows when there is more good. Growth and Decay of population is caused by food.

Question 3

Who is Linneaus and what did he do?

Answer 3

He changed the way of naming and classifying animals using the binomial system.

Question 4

What were some of Lamarck’s ideas?

Answer 4

• The idea of use and disuse. Organisms would change because of use or disuse of parts of body.
• Acquired characteristics.

Question 5

Why is Acquired characteristics wrong?

Answer 5

Think of a bonsai tree. They are cut and shaped a certain way but the offspring of a bonsai tree will not look the same as the parent.

Question 6

Who is Wallace and what did he do?

Answer 6

Wallace was born into a poor family, became a surveyor and went around the world. Decided to start collecting species and sold them to keep funding for their trips. While sick with Malaria he figures out that if there are limited resources a species that reproduce better and is better at competing will survive rather than those who cant.
- His hypothesis was sent to Darwin

Question 7

Who is Lyell?

Answer 7

Lyell was a scientist that published Principles of Geology. Which was the idea that the Earth is old. Sedimentary rock layers are where all fossils are found and where we can find that different species changed over time.
- Helped Darwin figure our that change in organisms cannot happen that quickly through fossils found in different layers of the earth.

Question 8

Darwin:

Answer 8

Published On the Origin of Species in 1859 (a collection of all of his notebooks). With the collection of the Galapagos finches he found that they were the different types of birds. This finding was the beginning of figuring out evolution.

Question 9

What is aphorism?

Answer 9

A sentence that is concise with lots of meaning.

Question 10

Who was Cuvier? What did he find?

Answer 10

He found that there were mass extinctions of species and a whole new species would develop. Then mass extinction would happen again.

Question 11

What is differential reproductive success?

Answer 11

It is the differences between individuals in a given generation and how many offspring they can leave.
- It is dependent of Natural Selection.

Question 12

What is natural selection?

Answer 12

Natural Selection is a mechanism that through long periods of time causes a species to change.
Observations:
- Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. (variability of offspring)
- Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. (overproduction of offspring)
Inferences:
- Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.
- Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population.

Question 13

What causes variation in a population?

Answer 13

Mutations

Question 14

What is overproduction?

Answer 14

It is the idea that ALL species can overreproduce and it is faster than the production of food supplies in a certain environment. Which can cause the effect of natural selection where the species that can survive better will survive

Question 15

What is the Island effect?

Answer 15

The Island effect is when usual characteristics of a certain type of animal is different.

• Many birds and insects lose ability to fly
• Mammals tend to get smaller (Borneo Pygmy Elephants)
• Insects get larger and Komodo dragon get larger

Question 16

What is the benefit of genetic diversity?

Answer 16

If a species gets stressed the more genetic diversity a species has the more of a chance they have to survive.

Question 17

What is a cladogram?

Answer 17

A cladogram is a way to find ancestry of a certain species (like the elephants shown in Figure 22.8) it is the most simple evolutionary Tree
It only shows you the branching pattern.

Question 18

How is a binomen expressed?

Answer 18

• The scientific name is italicized or underlined.
• First part of a name is capitalized (Genus)
• Second part (species) is not capitalized.
• numbers of symbol In front of a name means they are extinct.

Question 19

What does dichotomous mean?

Answer 19

It is the two separate branches in a evolutionary tree. It usually means that biologists are pretty confident in the relationship of its ancestry.
- If there are 3 branches (trichotomous branching) it is an indication that we dont know if they share a common ancestor.

Question 20

What is artificial selection?

Answer 20

The process where humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits.
Ex. The different variations that comes from the Wild Mustard plant. People will take the best kind of variation of a wild mustard and take that seed. (Broccoli, Cabbage, Brussel sprouts, Kale etc.)

Question 21

Give an example of evolutionary change in a species.

Answer 21

Soapberry bugs have beaks that are used to eat. In southern Florida the soap berry bug feeds on the seeds of a native balloon vines. The balloon vines have become rare. Instead the soapberry bugs now feed on the goldenrain tree which originally is from Asia. The beaks of these soapberry bugs have changed in length. Ones found in Centeral Florida is shorter while the ones found in Southern Florida is longer.

Question 22

What is micro evolution?

Answer 22

Micro-evolution is the change in alleles and it is MEASURABLE scientifically. This is also usually caused by natural selection.

Question 23

What is macro-evolution?

Answer 23

It is more of the big picture. has to do with populations. Changes over whole taxonomic groups.

Question 24

What did Alexander Flemming discover?

Answer 24

He discovered penicillin.

Question 25

What are adaptations?

Answer 25

An adaptation is an inherited characteristic of an organism that will ENHANCE its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
-Natural Selection enhances adaptations

Question 26

What are some examples of adaptations?

Answer 26

Structural (a panda’s thumb), Mimicry (Same colors and shapes as a wasp to scare away predators), Coloration (Mantids that look like leaves, flowers or stem), Behavior (Osprey being driven off by smaller black birds), Migrations (Going from hotter to colder because species can only survive in certain climates), Hibernation

Question 27

What is homology?

Answer 27

Homology is what evolutionary biologists use to determine ancestry.

Question 28

What are three different ways that are used to determine ancestry through homologies?

Answer 28

Anatomical/Morphological Homology - bones
Ontogenetic homology - sequence of development from an egg to death.
Sequence homology - Looking at DNA sequences.

Question 29

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 29

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. (Sugar glider and flying squirrels evolved on their own even though they are are distantly related)

Question 30

What is an Analogous trait?

Answer 30

Species that share features because of convergent evolution. Analogous features share similar functions but not a common ancestry. (For example, the wings of a fly, a moth, and a bird are analogous because they developed independently as adaptations to a common function—flying.)

Question 31

What is an amnion?

Answer 31

It is the development of an egg that can have multiple characteristics where they hatch out of water and survive on land.

Question 32

Evolutionary Reversal is…

Answer 32

Evolutionary reversal is when a character reverts from a derived state back to the ancestral state.

Question 33

What is sexual selection?

Answer 33

Guppies practice sexual selection to attract opposite sex. When there are LOTS of predators they arent as flamboyant but when they arent as threatened they will be very bright and flamboyant.