Chapter 3.1 (Emergence of the Globalisation of Sport)

Question 1

Define the Feudal System

Answer 1

Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour

Question 2

Define Popular Recreation

Answer 2

The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

Question 3

What are the characteristics of popular recreation? (LUCICROWS)

Answer 3

Local
Unwritten
Cruel
Irregular
Classed Based
Rural
Occupational 
Wagering
Simple

Question 4

Define a Foot Race

Answer 4

A form of competitive running/walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance. As time progressed, it evolved into pedestrianism/ race walking

Question 5

Define Patron

Answer 5

A member of the gentry who looked after a lower-class performer, e.g. by arranging competitions for the to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer

Question 6

Who was Dr William Penny Brookes?

Answer 6

The founder of the Wedlock Olympic Games in 1850

Question 7

Define Rational Recreation

Answer 7

In the nineteenth century, these were sports pastimes for the lower classes, which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled

Question 8

Define Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

Deemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into a industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class

Question 9

What were the initial negative effects of industrialism? (HITFOR)

Answer 9

H = poor health and hygiene
I = lack of income
T = lack of time
F = facility provision was lacking 
O = overcrowding and lack of space
R = loss of rights

Question 10

Define Industrial Patronage

Answer 10

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

Question 11

Define Urbanisation

Answer 11

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

Question 12

Define Codification

Answer 12

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules (e.g. for the actual playing of a sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of the participants)

Question 13

Who are Philanthropists?

Answer 13

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class

Question 14

Define Public Provision

Answer 14

Local council provision of facilities (e.g. sport/recreational) for the masses to participate

Question 15

Define Rational Recreation

Answer 15

Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, strict administration and codification

Question 16

What are the 5 characteristics of rational recreation?

5 R’s

Answer 16

Rules/Codification
Regular
Regional 
Referees/Officials
Respectable

Question 17

Define Amateur

Answer 17

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

Question 18

Define Professional

Answer 18

A person who plays sport for a financial gain

Question 19

What is the Bosman Ruling?

Answer 19

A European Court of Justice decision made on 15 December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract without a transfer fee being paid

Question 20

What is lawn tennis?

Answer 20

Originally called Sphairistike and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced

Question 21

Define Open Era

Answer 21

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money

Question 22

Define Media

Answer 22

An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

Question 23

Define Golden Triangle

Answer 23

The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media

Question 24

Define Commercialism

Answer 24

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

Question 25

Define Sponsorship

Answer 25

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods

Question 26

Define Merchandising

Answer 26

The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another e.g. professional sports teams/ performers promote various products

Question 27

Define Globalisation

Answer 27

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communication and travel

Question 28

Define Social Media

Answer 28

Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking