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Yr1 Physical Education > Chapter 1.1 (The Cardiovascular System) > Flashcards

Chapter 1.1 (The Cardiovascular System) Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the heart?

A

The Septum

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2
Q

What are the chambers in the heart in order of blood entering the heart?

A

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle (to lungs), Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

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3
Q

What is located between the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

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4
Q

What is located between the left atrium and ventricle

A

Bicuspid

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5
Q

Describe the order of the Cardiac Conduction System

A 
SAABPV 
San
Atrial systole
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibres 
Ventricular Systole
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6
Q

Define Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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7
Q

Define SA node

A

Sinoatrial node - A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the atrium that generates the heartbeat

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8
Q

Define AV node

A

Atrioventricular node - Relays the impulses between the upper and lower sections of the heart

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9
Q

Define Systole

A

When the heart contracts

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10
Q

Define Bundle of His

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit the electrical impulses from the AV node via bundle branches

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11
Q

Define Purkinje Fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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12
Q

Define Sympathetic System

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate

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13
Q

Define Parasympathetic System

A

A part of the autonomic system that decrease heart rate

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14
Q

Define Medulla Oblongata

A

The part of the brain that regulates breathing and heart rate

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15
Q

Define Chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by increase of decrease in CO2

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16
Q

Define Baroreceptors

A

Sensors in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate

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17
Q

Define Proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscle movement

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18
Q

Define Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic and cardiac nerves, causing an increase in heart rate

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19
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

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20
Q

Define Diastole Phase

A

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood

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21
Q

Define Ejection Fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat
Stoke volume/ end diastolic volume

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22
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

The Volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

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23
Q

Define Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so that it becomes bigger and stronger, also can mean a larger ventricular capacity

24
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

A decrease in the resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

25
Q

What is stroke volume at rest in litres?

A

5.04 (A trained person will have a lower heart rate)

26
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

When arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits

27
Q

What is Atheroma?

A

A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

28
Q

What is Angina?

A

Chest pains that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

29
Q

Define LDL

A

(Low Density Lipoproteins) - Transport cholesterol in the blood to tissues, the ‘bad’ cholesterol

30
Q

Define HDL

A

High Density Lipoproteins) - Transport excess cholesterol to the liver where it is broken down, the ‘good’ cholesterol

31
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off

32
Q

Define Steady State

A

Where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

33
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

When the heart rate slowly climbs, even when the athlete is in steady state - due to lost sweat lost lowering stroke volume

34
Q

Name the two types of circulation

A

1) Pulmonary - carries blood to and from the lungs

2) Systemic - carries blood to and from the body

35
Q

Review the vascular system

A

Heart > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > Heart

36
Q

Define Blood Pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls
blood flow x resistance

37
Q

Define Systolic Pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles and contracting

38
Q

Define Diastolic Pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

39
Q

Typical blood pressure reading?

A

120mmHg/ 80

40
Q

What is Venous Return?

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

41
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

A

When muscles contact and relax they change shape. This change in shape means that muscles press on nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart

42
Q

How does the respiratory pump work?

A

When muscles muscles contract and relax during breathing, pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. These changes in pressure compress nearby veins, assisting blood return

43
Q

How do pocket valves work?

A

Once blood has passed through the valves, they close up to ensure that the blood only flows in one direction (only found in veins)

44
Q

Name 3 other factors that assist venous return

A
  • A thing layer of smooth muscle in the walls of veins
  • Gravity helps return blood from the upper body
  • Suction pump action of the heart
45
Q

Define Plasma

A

The fluid part of the blood (mainly water) that surrounds blood cells and transports them

46
Q

Define Haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

47
Q

Define Myoglobin

A

Iron-containing muscle pigment found in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. It stores oxygen in the muscle fibres and used quickly when exercise begins

48
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

Found in a cell, where respiration and energy production occurs

49
Q

What is the Bohr Shift?

A

When an increase in blood CO2 and a decrease in pH results in the reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin

50
Q

What is pH?

A

The measure of acidity

51
Q

Define Vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output

52
Q

Define Vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

53
Q

Define Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

54
Q

Why is blood redistribution important?

A
  • Increase the supply of oxygen to the working muscles
  • Remove waste products from the muscles (CO2 an lactic acid)
  • Ensure more blood goes to the skin during exercise to regulate body temperature and get rid of heat through radiation, evaporation and sweating
  • Direct more blood to the heart
55
Q

What is Arterio-venous difference?

A

The difference between he oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

Yr1 Physical Education (15 decks)

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