Chapter 2.2 (Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance)

Question 1

Define Learning

Answer 1

A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice

Question 2

Define Performance

Answer 2

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences

Question 3

Define Cognitive Stage of Learning

Answer 3

The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trail and error

Question 4

Define Associative Stage of Learning

Answer 4

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother

Question 5

Define Autonomous Stage of Learning

Answer 5

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is specific and detailed

Question 6

Define Feedback

Answer 6

Information to aid error correction

Question 7

Define Positive Feedback

Answer 7

Encouragement

Question 8

Define Negative Feedback

Answer 8

Error correction

Question 9

Define Extrinsic Feedback

Answer 9

From an outside source

Question 10

Define Intrinsic Feedback

Answer 10

From within

Question 11

Define Knowledge of Results

Answer 11

Concerns the outcome

Question 12

Define Knowledge of Performance

Answer 12

About technique

Question 13

Define Plateau

Answer 13

A period of no improvement in performance

Question 14

Define Drive Reduction

Answer 14

An end-of-task period when performance may get worse

Question 15

What are the causes of a plateau (MBCLTF)

Answer 15

Motivation
Boredom
Coach
Limit of ability
Targets too low
Fatigue

Question 16

Define Visual Guidance

Answer 16

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration

Question 17

Define Verbal Guidance

Answer 17

An explanation

Question 18

Define Manual Guidance

Answer 18

Physical support

Question 19

Define Mechanical Guidance

Answer 19

An artificial aid

Question 20

Define Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

Question 21

Define Behaviourist Theory

Answer 21

This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli

Question 22

Define Satisfier

Answer 22

An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

Question 23

Define Annoyer

Answer 23

An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

Question 24

Define Positive Reinforcement

Answer 24

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 25

Define Negative Reinforcement

Answer 25

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 26

Define Punishment

Answer 26

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring

Question 27

Define Attention

Answer 27

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer

Question 28

Define Retention

Answer 28

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

Question 29

Define Motor Production

Answer 29

Having the mental and physical ability to do the task

Question 30

Define Motivation

Answer 30

Having the drive to do the task

Question 31

Define Social Development

Answer 31

Learning by association with others

Question 32

Define Inter-psychological Learning

Answer 32

Learning from others externally

Question 33

Define Intra-psychological Learning

Answer 33

Learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge

Question 34

Define Constructivism

Answer 34

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance

Question 35

Define Zone of Optimal Performance

Answer 35

The next stage of learning based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance

Question 36

Define Insight Learning

Answer 36

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill