Chapter 2.2 (Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance) Flashcards
Define Learning
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice
Define Performance
A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences
Define Cognitive Stage of Learning
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trail and error
Define Associative Stage of Learning
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
Define Autonomous Stage of Learning
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is specific and detailed
Define Feedback
Information to aid error correction
Define Positive Feedback
Encouragement
Define Negative Feedback
Error correction
Define Extrinsic Feedback
From an outside source
Define Intrinsic Feedback
From within
Define Knowledge of Results
Concerns the outcome
Define Knowledge of Performance
About technique
Define Plateau
A period of no improvement in performance
Define Drive Reduction
An end-of-task period when performance may get worse
What are the causes of a plateau (MBCLTF)
Motivation Boredom Coach Limit of ability Targets too low Fatigue
Define Visual Guidance
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
Define Verbal Guidance
An explanation
Define Manual Guidance
Physical support
Define Mechanical Guidance
An artificial aid
Define Operant Conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
Define Behaviourist Theory
This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
Define Satisfier
An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
Define Annoyer
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
Define Positive Reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response
Define Negative Reinforcement
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
Define Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
Define Attention
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
Define Retention
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
Define Motor Production
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
Define Motivation
Having the drive to do the task
Define Social Development
Learning by association with others
Define Inter-psychological Learning
Learning from others externally
Define Intra-psychological Learning
Learning using others or an MKO to develop knowledge
Define Constructivism
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
Define Zone of Optimal Performance
The next stage of learning based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance
Define Insight Learning
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
