Chapter 31 - Ecosystems

Question 1

Look @ food webs

Answer 1

pls

Question 2

What percent of solar energy arriving at the earth’s surface is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis?

Answer 2

1%

Question 3

Primary producers manufacture … of new biological material per year

Answer 3

150 billion metric tons

Question 4

Define: GPP

Answer 4

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
– Rate at which producers convert solar energy
into chemical energy (kcal/m2/yr) / new
biomass (g/m2/yr)

Question 5

Define: NPP

Answer 5

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
– Chemical energy from gross primary
productivity minus energy used for metabolism
– 50-90% of gross primary productivity

Question 6

What do ecosystems vary in? (Very very general)

Answer 6

They vary in productivity and their contributions to earth’s total productivity

Question 7

What are the 5 limiting factors of primary productivity?

Answer 7

– How much photosynthetic tissue is present
– Temperature
– Sunlight
– Nutrients
– Water

Question 8

Standing crop biomass and NPP of tropical rainforests

Answer 8

450

22.0

Question 9

Standing crop biomass and NPP of boreal forest

Answer 9

200

8.0

Question 10

Standing crop biomass and NPP of extreme desert, rock, sand, ice

Answer 10

0. 2

0. 03

Question 11

Standing crop biomass and NPP of swamp and marsh

Answer 11

150

20

Question 12

Standing crop biomass and NPP of world in freshwater ecosystems

Answer 12

36

3.3

Question 13

Define: Secondary productivity

Answer 13

Some energy transferred from producers to
consumers is stored in new consumer biomass,
called secondary productivity

Question 14

What is some energy used for in secondary productivity? (2)

Answer 14

Maintenance and locomotion

Question 15

What is energy lost as during energy transfers?

Answer 15

Heat

Question 16

“Thinking in Scale: Different taxa vary in their
contributions to Earth’s productivity rates”
True or false

Answer 16

True

Question 17

How much energy is converted to biomass when transfered between levels?

Answer 17

5-20%

Question 18

Pyramids of energy generally have…

Answer 18

Broad bases and narrow tops

Question 19

In what ecosystems are pyramids of biomass usually inverted?

Answer 19

Aquatic ecosystems

Question 20

Terrestrial ecosystems have inverted pyramid of biomass.

True or false?

Answer 20

False

Question 21

What does a general pyramid of numbers look like?

Answer 21

Normal pyramid

Question 22

How do consumers influence primary productivity?

Answer 22

Through food preferences and by the numbers

Question 23

Earth is almost a … system with respect to…

Answer 23

closed

matter

Question 24

What groups do nutrients cycle between? (2)

Answer 24

Abiotic environments and living organisms in biogeochemical cycles

Question 25

What does water circulate through?

Answer 25

atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and back to oceans

Question 26

Water ... from the oceans and continents and falls as ...

Answer 26

Evaporates | Precipitation

Question 27

What returns excess precipitation from land to oceans?

Answer 27

Runoff and streamflow

Question 28

What was the carbon cycle created by?

Answer 28

Created by common atmospheric pool of CO2

Question 29

How are terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem linked

Answer 29

Thrrough the atmospheric pool of CO2

Question 30

What does respiration do?

Answer 30

It returns CO2 to the atmosphere

Question 31

What is the largest resivoir of carbon?

Answer 31

Sedimentary rock

Question 32

What does the nitrogen cycle do?

Answer 32

It moves nitrogen between living organisms and atmospheric nitrogen gas

Question 33

What organisms make nitrogen available to the food web (2) and through what means? (3)

Answer 33

Bacteria and cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation Ammonification Nitrification

Question 34

What does denitrification do?

Answer 34

It returns nitrogen compounds to N2 so it can return to the atmosphere.

Question 35

What two ecosystems does phosphorous move between in a sedimentary cycle?

Answer 35

Terrestrial and marine

Question 36

``` Dissolved phosphates ... out of seawater, forming ... that are eventually uplifted by ... ```

Answer 36

precipitate insoluble deposits tectonic processes

Question 37

How is phosphorous released from rock

Answer 37

By weathering and erosion

Question 38

Weathering and erosion of rock release phosphorus which is ... from soil and carried to ...

Answer 38

leached | oceans

Question 39

Define: Biota

Answer 39

The species occuring in a specified area

Question 40

Define: Biomes

Answer 40

The habitats or areas defined by their | biota

Question 41

Define: Ecozones

Answer 41

Extensive ecological regions | typically consisting of more than one biome

Question 42

What are biomes and ecozones terms for? (long)

Answer 42

Identifying categories of habitats, often connecting the species to the prevailing climatic and topographic conditions