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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 31 - Ecosystems > Flashcards

Chapter 31 - Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Look @ food webs

A

pls

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2
Q

What percent of solar energy arriving at the earth’s surface is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis?

A

1%

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3
Q

Primary producers manufacture … of new biological material per year

A

150 billion metric tons

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4
Q

Define: GPP

A

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
– Rate at which producers convert solar energy
into chemical energy (kcal/m2/yr) / new
biomass (g/m2/yr)

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5
Q

Define: NPP

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
– Chemical energy from gross primary
productivity minus energy used for metabolism
– 50-90% of gross primary productivity

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6
Q

What do ecosystems vary in? (Very very general)

A

They vary in productivity and their contributions to earth’s total productivity

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7
Q

What are the 5 limiting factors of primary productivity?

A 
– How much photosynthetic tissue is present
– Temperature
– Sunlight
– Nutrients
– Water
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8
Q

Standing crop biomass and NPP of tropical rainforests

A

450

22.0

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9
Q

Standing crop biomass and NPP of boreal forest

A

200

8.0

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10
Q

Standing crop biomass and NPP of extreme desert, rock, sand, ice

A
  1. 2

0. 03

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11
Q

Standing crop biomass and NPP of swamp and marsh

A

150

20

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12
Q

Standing crop biomass and NPP of world in freshwater ecosystems

A

36

3.3

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13
Q

Define: Secondary productivity

A

Some energy transferred from producers to
consumers is stored in new consumer biomass,
called secondary productivity

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14
Q

What is some energy used for in secondary productivity? (2)

A

Maintenance and locomotion

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15
Q

What is energy lost as during energy transfers?

A

Heat

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16
Q

“Thinking in Scale: Different taxa vary in their
contributions to Earth’s productivity rates”
True or false

A

True

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17
Q

How much energy is converted to biomass when transfered between levels?

A

5-20%

18
Q

Pyramids of energy generally have…

A

Broad bases and narrow tops

19
Q

In what ecosystems are pyramids of biomass usually inverted?

A

Aquatic ecosystems

20
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems have inverted pyramid of biomass.

True or false?

A

False

21
Q

What does a general pyramid of numbers look like?

A

Normal pyramid

22
Q

How do consumers influence primary productivity?

A

Through food preferences and by the numbers

23
Q

Earth is almost a … system with respect to…

A

closed

matter

24
Q

What groups do nutrients cycle between? (2)

A

Abiotic environments and living organisms in biogeochemical cycles

25
Q

What does water circulate through?

A

atmosphere, oceans, and
terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and back
to oceans

26
Q

Water … from the oceans and continents and falls as …

A

Evaporates

Precipitation

27
Q

What returns excess precipitation from land to oceans?

A

Runoff and streamflow

28
Q

What was the carbon cycle created by?

A

Created by common atmospheric pool of CO2

29
Q

How are terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem linked

A

Thrrough the atmospheric pool of CO2

30
Q

What does respiration do?

A

It returns CO2 to the atmosphere

31
Q

What is the largest resivoir of carbon?

A

Sedimentary rock

32
Q

What does the nitrogen cycle do?

A

It moves nitrogen between living organisms and atmospheric nitrogen gas

33
Q

What organisms make nitrogen available to the food web (2) and through what means? (3)

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria
Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
Nitrification

34
Q

What does denitrification do?

A

It returns nitrogen compounds to N2 so it can return to the atmosphere.

35
Q

What two ecosystems does phosphorous move between in a sedimentary cycle?

A

Terrestrial and marine

36
Q 
Dissolved phosphates
... out of seawater,
forming ...
that are eventually uplifted
by ...
A

precipitate
insoluble deposits
tectonic processes

37
Q

How is phosphorous released from rock

A

By weathering and erosion

38
Q

Weathering and erosion of
rock release phosphorus
which is … from soil
and carried to …

A

leached

oceans

39
Q

Define: Biota

A

The species occuring in a specified area

40
Q

Define: Biomes

A

The habitats or areas defined by their

biota

41
Q

Define: Ecozones

A

Extensive ecological regions

typically consisting of more than one biome

42
Q

What are biomes and ecozones terms for? (long)

A

Identifying categories of habitats, often connecting the species to the prevailing climatic and topographic conditions

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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