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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 25 - Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What mode of nutrition are fungi

A

They are heterotrophic, feeding by absorption

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2
Q

How do they absorb food

A

The break down organic materials and recycle important nutrients

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3
Q

What purpose do fungi serve

A

They are a food and may live in symbiotic relationships with plants

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4
Q

Who are fungi most closely related to when looking at DNA evidence

A

Unicellular nucleariiids

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5
Q

Who are animals most closely realated to

A

Unicellular choanoflagellates

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6
Q

What does DNA evidence suggest when looking at animals and fungi

A

They shared a common, flagellated, unicellular ancestor and multicellularity arose seperately in the two groups

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7
Q

How old is the oldest undisputed fungi fossil

A

460 million years

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8
Q

When did fungi probably colonize land

A

As one of the earliest colonizers they arose around 760 million years ago

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9
Q

What did fungi do when it colonized early land

A

Probably formed mutualistic relationships with early land plants

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10
Q

What are Chytrids

A

Decomposers, parasites, and mutalists in freshwater and terrestrial habitats

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11
Q

What hypothesis does molecular evidence support about Chytrids

A

They diverged early in fungi evolution

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12
Q

Why are Chytrids unique

A

They have flagellated spores called zoospores

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13
Q

What group do Chytrids belong to

A

Opisthokonta

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14
Q

Describe the diversity of zygomycetes

A

They exhibit great diversity of life histories

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15
Q

What organisms are classified as zygomycetes

A

Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbiots

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16
Q

What are zygomycetes named for

A

Their sexually produced zygosporania

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17
Q

What is a unique characteristic of zygosporangia

A

They can survive unfavourable conditions

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18
Q

What negative functions do fungi have

A

They can attack crops or be pathogenic

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19
Q

Are many fungi edible

A

Yes

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20
Q

Saprotroph

A

Organism that decomposes other organisms

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21
Q

What mode of nutrition do fungi use

A

They are heterotrophs, absorbing nutrients from outside their body

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22
Q

What do fungi use to break down molecules

A

They use enzymes

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23
Q

What does the versatility of the enzymes in fungi do for thefungi

A

They contribute to the fungi’s ecological success

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24
Q

What 3 lifestyles do fungi exhibit

A

Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists

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25
Q

What do pine beetles spread

A

Blue stain fungus

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26
Q

What are hyphae

A

Multicellular filaments that make up one common body structure of fungi

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27
Q

What are yeasts

A

They are single celled common body structures of fungi

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28
Q

Do fungi grow as filaments, yeasts, or both

A

They grow as all three depending on the species

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29
Q

What does the morphology of multicellular fungi allow them to do

A

It enhances their ability to absorb nutrients

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30
Q

What are most fungi cell walls made of

A

Chitin, glucose polymers, and mannoproteins

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31
Q

What specialized hypae do some haustoria have and what does it let them do

A

Haustoria that allow them to penetrate host tissues

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32
Q

What are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

Fungi that extend hypae through cell walls of root cells

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33
Q

What are ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

Fungi that form sheaths of hypae over a rootand grow inot the space between cellls

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34
Q

How do fungi reproduce

A

Asexually and sexually, through spores

35
Q

Can fungi produce spore from different types of life cycles

A

Yes

36
Q

Are fungal nuclei normally haploid

A

Yes, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

37
Q

What does sexual reproduction in fungi require

A

It requires the fusion of hypae from different mating types

38
Q

What sexual signaling molecules do fungi use to communicate their mating type

A

They use pheromones

39
Q

What is plasmogamy

A

The union of two parent mycelia

40
Q

Do the haploid nuclei from each parent fuse right away

A

No, they coexist in the mycelium

41
Q

What is a heterokaryon

A

It is a cell with separate nuclei

42
Q

What happens with haploid nuclei in some cells

A

They pair off two to a cell, making them dikaryotic

43
Q

How long can pass before karyogamy occurs in fungi

A

Days, hours, or even centuries

44
Q

What is karyogamy

A

Nuclear fusion

45
Q

What happens during karyogamy

A

The haploid nuclei fuse to produce diploid cells

46
Q

Is the diploid phase short-lived or long in fungi

A

It is short lived

47
Q

What process occurs in the diploid phase of fungi

A

Meiosis, producing haploid spores

48
Q

The life cycle of black bread mold is fairly typical of what phylum

A

Zygomycota

49
Q

Can fungi reproduce asexually

A

Yes

50
Q

What kind of spores do molds produce and how

A

They produce haploid spores by mitosis, forming visible mycelia

51
Q

What fungi other than molds can reproduce asexually

A

Yeasts

52
Q

What kind of environments do yeasts inhabit

A

They inhabit moist environments

53
Q

How do yeasts reproduce

A

Asexually through cell division, pinching “bud cells” from parent cells

54
Q

Do molds and yeasts have known sexual cycles

A

No, many don’t

55
Q

What are molds and yeasts with no known sexual cyckes called

A

Deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi

56
Q

What is an example of a Zygomycete that can aim their sporangia towards a good environment

A

Pilobolus

57
Q

What is a characteristic of some Zygomycete when thinking of their sporangia

A

Some can aim their sporangia to areas associated with good food sources

58
Q

What group were glomeromycetes once considered to be a part of

A

Zygomycetes

59
Q

Are glomeromycetes a separate clade

A

Yes

60
Q

What structure do glomeromycetes for in a symbiotic relationship

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

61
Q

Where do Ascomycetes live

A

In marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

62
Q

What are Ascomycetes commonly called

A

Sac fungi

63
Q

What organisms (not specific) are included in ascomycetes

A

Plant pathogens
Decomposers
Symbionts

64
Q

What is the phylum Ascomycota defined by

A

The production of sexual spores in saclike asci

65
Q

Where are asci found

A

In fruiting bodies called ascocarps

66
Q

Can Ascomycetes reproduce asexually

A

Yes

67
Q

How do ascomycetes reproduce asexually

A

Using large quantities of conidia, asexual spores

68
Q

Where are conidia formed

A

In the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

69
Q

What are Basidomycetes often called

A

Club Fungi

70
Q

What are included in the group Basidomycetes

A

Mushrooms
Puffballs
Shelf fungi

71
Q

What kind of lifestyles do Basidomycetes have

A

Mutualistic

Plant parasites

72
Q

What is the phylum Basidiomycota defined by

A

A club like structure called a basidium

73
Q

What stage of the lifecycle are basidium present in

A

The transient diploid stage

74
Q

What does the life cycle of a basidiomycete usually include

A

A long lived dikaryotic mycelium

75
Q

What do mycelium in basidiomycetes do when exposed to environmental stimuli

A

They reproduce sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies

76
Q

What are the fruiting bodies in basidiomycetes called

A

Basidiocarps

77
Q

What are the basidia in basidiomycetes a source of

A

Basidiocarps, commonly called sexual spores

78
Q

In what pattern on the ground do basidiomycetes grow in

A

They radiate from a localized source to form a ring

79
Q

What is lichen

A

A symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

80
Q

What group do most lichen fall into

A

Ascomyetes

81
Q

What do fungi living in herbivore guts do

A

Help break down cellulose

82
Q

Can fungi be parasites

A

Yes

83
Q

Can fungi be symbiotic

A

Yes

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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