Chapter 25 - Fungi Flashcards by Heather Heales

What mode of nutrition are fungi

They are heterotrophic, feeding by absorption

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How do they absorb food

The break down organic materials and recycle important nutrients

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What purpose do fungi serve

They are a food and may live in symbiotic relationships with plants

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Who are fungi most closely related to when looking at DNA evidence

Unicellular nucleariiids

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Who are animals most closely realated to

Unicellular choanoflagellates

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What does DNA evidence suggest when looking at animals and fungi

They shared a common, flagellated, unicellular ancestor and multicellularity arose seperately in the two groups

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How old is the oldest undisputed fungi fossil

460 million years

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When did fungi probably colonize land

As one of the earliest colonizers they arose around 760 million years ago

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What did fungi do when it colonized early land

Probably formed mutualistic relationships with early land plants

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What are Chytrids

Decomposers, parasites, and mutalists in freshwater and terrestrial habitats

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What hypothesis does molecular evidence support about Chytrids

They diverged early in fungi evolution

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Why are Chytrids unique

They have flagellated spores called zoospores

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What group do Chytrids belong to

Opisthokonta

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Describe the diversity of zygomycetes

They exhibit great diversity of life histories

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What organisms are classified as zygomycetes

Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbiots

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What are zygomycetes named for

Their sexually produced zygosporania

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What is a unique characteristic of zygosporangia

They can survive unfavourable conditions

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What negative functions do fungi have

They can attack crops or be pathogenic

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Are many fungi edible

Yes

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Saprotroph

Organism that decomposes other organisms

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What mode of nutrition do fungi use

They are heterotrophs, absorbing nutrients from outside their body

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What do fungi use to break down molecules

They use enzymes

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What does the versatility of the enzymes in fungi do for thefungi

They contribute to the fungi’s ecological success

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What 3 lifestyles do fungi exhibit

Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists

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What do pine beetles spread

Blue stain fungus

What are hyphae

Multicellular filaments that make up one common body structure of fungi

What are yeasts

They are single celled common body structures of fungi

Do fungi grow as filaments, yeasts, or both

They grow as all three depending on the species

What does the morphology of multicellular fungi allow them to do

It enhances their ability to absorb nutrients

What are most fungi cell walls made of

Chitin, glucose polymers, and mannoproteins

What specialized hypae do some haustoria have and what does it let them do

Haustoria that allow them to penetrate host tissues

What are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Fungi that extend hypae through cell walls of root cells

What are ectomycorrhizal fungi

Fungi that form sheaths of hypae over a rootand grow inot the space between cellls

How do fungi reproduce

Asexually and sexually, through spores

Can fungi produce spore from different types of life cycles

Yes

Are fungal nuclei normally haploid

Yes, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

What does sexual reproduction in fungi require

It requires the fusion of hypae from different mating types

What sexual signaling molecules do fungi use to communicate their mating type

They use pheromones

What is plasmogamy

The union of two parent mycelia

Do the haploid nuclei from each parent fuse right away

No, they coexist in the mycelium

What is a heterokaryon

It is a cell with separate nuclei

What happens with haploid nuclei in some cells

They pair off two to a cell, making them dikaryotic

How long can pass before karyogamy occurs in fungi

Days, hours, or even centuries

What is karyogamy

Nuclear fusion

What happens during karyogamy

The haploid nuclei fuse to produce diploid cells

Is the diploid phase short-lived or long in fungi

It is short lived

What process occurs in the diploid phase of fungi

Meiosis, producing haploid spores

The life cycle of black bread mold is fairly typical of what phylum

Zygomycota

Can fungi reproduce asexually

Yes

What kind of spores do molds produce and how

They produce haploid spores by mitosis, forming visible mycelia

What fungi other than molds can reproduce asexually

Yeasts

What kind of environments do yeasts inhabit

They inhabit moist environments

How do yeasts reproduce

Asexually through cell division, pinching "bud cells" from parent cells

Do molds and yeasts have known sexual cycles

No, many don't

What are molds and yeasts with no known sexual cyckes called

Deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi

What is an example of a Zygomycete that can aim their sporangia towards a good environment

Pilobolus

What is a characteristic of some Zygomycete when thinking of their sporangia

Some can aim their sporangia to areas associated with good food sources

What group were glomeromycetes once considered to be a part of

Zygomycetes

Are glomeromycetes a separate clade

Yes

What structure do glomeromycetes for in a symbiotic relationship

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Where do Ascomycetes live

In marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

What are Ascomycetes commonly called

Sac fungi

What organisms (not specific) are included in ascomycetes

Plant pathogens Decomposers Symbionts

What is the phylum Ascomycota defined by

The production of sexual spores in saclike asci

Where are asci found

In fruiting bodies called ascocarps

Can Ascomycetes reproduce asexually

Yes

How do ascomycetes reproduce asexually

Using large quantities of conidia, asexual spores

Where are conidia formed

In the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

What are Basidomycetes often called

Club Fungi

What are included in the group Basidomycetes

Mushrooms Puffballs Shelf fungi

What kind of lifestyles do Basidomycetes have

Mutualistic | Plant parasites

What is the phylum Basidiomycota defined by

A club like structure called a basidium

What stage of the lifecycle are basidium present in

The transient diploid stage

What does the life cycle of a basidiomycete usually include

A long lived dikaryotic mycelium

What do mycelium in basidiomycetes do when exposed to environmental stimuli

They reproduce sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies

What are the fruiting bodies in basidiomycetes called

Basidiocarps

What are the basidia in basidiomycetes a source of

Basidiocarps, commonly called sexual spores

In what pattern on the ground do basidiomycetes grow in

They radiate from a localized source to form a ring

What is lichen

A symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

What group do most lichen fall into

Ascomyetes

What do fungi living in herbivore guts do

Help break down cellulose

Can fungi be parasites

Yes

Can fungi be symbiotic

Yes