Chapter 30 - Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Question 1

Is swimmers itch a neutral interaction?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

What are three outcomes of interactions between species?

Answer 2

Benefit, harms, or be neutral?

Question 3

What are the 6 types of interactions?

Answer 3

Predation
Parasitism
Herbivory
Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism

Question 4

Describe: Predation

Answer 4

+/-
Predators get nutrients and energy
Prey dies or is injured

Question 5

Describe: Parasitism

Answer 5

+/-
Parasite gets nurtients and energy
Hosts are injured or die

Question 6

Describe: Herbivory

Answer 6

+/-
Herbivores gain nutrients and energy
Plants are injured or die

Question 7

Describe: Competition

Answer 7

-/-

Everyone loses access to resources

Question 8

Describe: Commensalism

Answer 8

+/0

One thing benefits the other is unaffected

Question 9

Describe: Mutualism

Answer 9

+/+

Everyone benefits

Question 10

What is optimal foraging theory?

Answer 10

Eating as much as you can without getting

eaten

Question 11

What do diverse adaptations allow organisms to do?

Answer 11

Select, locate, captures, and ingest the right food

Question 12

Define: Time minimization

Answer 12

Minimizing time eating to stay safer because you can’t win and don’t have many offspring

Question 13

Define: Energy maximization

Answer 13

Eat more for lots of offspring, but still be wary of exposure

Question 14

What does the density of food influence?

Answer 14

It influences what and how much and organism can consume

Question 15

What type of feeder are most animals?

Answer 15

Type 2

Question 16

What are the defenses against attack? (fuckton)

Answer 16

Being too big to tackle
Being alert all the time
Freezing to avoid detection
Taking evasive action
Flying away
Armoring
Chemical defenses
Mimicry

Question 17

What are the three kinds of armoring?

Answer 17

Spines
Thorns
Horns

Question 18

What are some chemical defenses? (2)

Answer 18

Bad taste

Toxicity

Question 19

What are the two kinds of mimicry?

Answer 19

Batesian

Mullerian

Question 20

What is Batesian mimicry?

Answer 20

When a harmless organism mimics a harmful organism (false advertising)

Question 21

What is Mullerian mimicry?

Answer 21

Unrelated species both display similar warnings (true advertising)

Question 22

What is mimicry?

Answer 22

False advertising as a form of defense

Question 23

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 23

When two or more populations compete for the same limiting resource

Question 24

What is interference competition?

Answer 24

When a species directly harms another species

Question 25

What is exploitative competition?

Answer 25

When two or more populations use the same limiting resource

Question 26

What happens when species compete for the same resources?

Answer 26

They reduce the amount of resource availability for other groups

Question 27

What is intraspecific competition?

Answer 27

Competition between two members of one species for a resource

Question 28

What is commensalism?

Answer 28

When one species benifits from another species but the other species is unaffected

Question 29

Example of interspecific competition?

Answer 29

Paramecium experiments

Question 30

What happened in the Paramecium experiments?

Answer 30

Alone the species thrived, when mixed both only did OK.

Question 31

What kind of situation is the paramecium experiment showing?

Answer 31

Competitive exclusion

Question 32

What is an example of commensalism?

Answer 32

Elephants disturbing insects as it walks, egrets eat insects

Question 33

What is mutualism?

Answer 33

Two species benefiting from one another

Question 34

Two examples of mutualism?

Answer 34

Yucca and moth | Cod and cleaner wrasse

Question 35

What is resource partitioning?

Answer 35

A way around direct competition by adjusting the location they inhabit

Question 36

What is an example of resource partitioning?

Answer 36

Barnacles

Question 37

Fudamental and realized niches are often the same. | True or False

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What is paracitism?

Answer 38

When a species (parasite) harms another (host)

Question 39

Define: Endoparasites

Answer 39

Parasites that live within a host

Question 40

Define: Ectoparasites

Answer 40

A parasite that lives on the exterio of a host

Question 41

Define: Parasitoids

Answer 41

Parasites that are both parasites and predators

Question 42

Define: Primary Producers

Answer 42

Autotroph that capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy

Question 43

Define: Primary Consumer

Answer 43

Heterotrophs, herbivores

Question 44

Define: Secondary and Tertiary Consumers

Answer 44

Heterotrophs, omnivores or carnivores

Question 45

Define: Detrivores

Answer 45

Scavangers (animals)

Question 46

Define: Decomposers

Answer 46

Bacteria and fungi, eat dead and decaying organic matter

Question 47

``` Ecologists use ... illustrate the ...structure of a community ```

Answer 47

food chains and webs to trophic

Question 48

Is it better to have bigger or smaller food webs and why?

Answer 48

Bigger because that means the food web is species rich and more stable

Question 49

What is a benefit of a stable food web?

Answer 49

The disappearance of one or two species has no major impact on the community structure

Question 50

What group may increase species richness? a) Herbivores b) Ominovers c) Decomposers d) Predators

Answer 50

d) Predators

Question 51

How do predators increase species richness?

Answer 51

They regulate population sizes of the most successful prey

Question 52

What are keystone species?

Answer 52

Species which have the greatest effect on a community structure

Question 53

What are two examples of a keystone species?

Answer 53

Predatory sea stars that eat mussels | Sea otters that prey on urchins

Question 54

What happens if there are no sea otters to feed on urchins?

Answer 54

Urchins become populous and eat all kelp

Question 55

Define: Primary succession

Answer 55

A habitat developing, starting without soil

Question 56

Define: Secondary succession

Answer 56

A habitat developing in a place that already has soil

Question 57

When do secondary successions occur?

Answer 57

After fires or other natural disasters

Question 58

What are climax communities?

Answer 58

Stable and established ecosystems that are not disturbed

Question 59

What is succession?

Answer 59

Somewhat predictable change in species composition over time