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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 30 - Species Interactions and Community Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 30 - Species Interactions and Community Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Is swimmers itch a neutral interaction?

A

No

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2
Q

What are three outcomes of interactions between species?

A

Benefit, harms, or be neutral?

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3
Q

What are the 6 types of interactions?

A 
Predation
Parasitism
Herbivory
Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism
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4
Q

Describe: Predation

A

+/-
Predators get nutrients and energy
Prey dies or is injured

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5
Q

Describe: Parasitism

A

+/-
Parasite gets nurtients and energy
Hosts are injured or die

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6
Q

Describe: Herbivory

A

+/-
Herbivores gain nutrients and energy
Plants are injured or die

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7
Q

Describe: Competition

A

-/-

Everyone loses access to resources

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8
Q

Describe: Commensalism

A

+/0

One thing benefits the other is unaffected

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9
Q

Describe: Mutualism

A

+/+

Everyone benefits

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10
Q

What is optimal foraging theory?

A

Eating as much as you can without getting

eaten

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11
Q

What do diverse adaptations allow organisms to do?

A

Select, locate, captures, and ingest the right food

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12
Q

Define: Time minimization

A

Minimizing time eating to stay safer because you can’t win and don’t have many offspring

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13
Q

Define: Energy maximization

A

Eat more for lots of offspring, but still be wary of exposure

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14
Q

What does the density of food influence?

A

It influences what and how much and organism can consume

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15
Q

What type of feeder are most animals?

A

Type 2

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16
Q

What are the defenses against attack? (fuckton)

A 
Being too big to tackle
Being alert all the time
Freezing to avoid detection
Taking evasive action
Flying away
Armoring
Chemical defenses
Mimicry
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17
Q

What are the three kinds of armoring?

A

Spines
Thorns
Horns

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18
Q

What are some chemical defenses? (2)

A

Bad taste

Toxicity

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19
Q

What are the two kinds of mimicry?

A

Batesian

Mullerian

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20
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

When a harmless organism mimics a harmful organism (false advertising)

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21
Q

What is Mullerian mimicry?

A

Unrelated species both display similar warnings (true advertising)

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22
Q

What is mimicry?

A

False advertising as a form of defense

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23
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

When two or more populations compete for the same limiting resource

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24
Q

What is interference competition?

A

When a species directly harms another species

25
Q

What is exploitative competition?

A

When two or more populations use the same limiting resource

26
Q

What happens when species compete for the same resources?

A

They reduce the amount of resource availability for other groups

27
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between two members of one species for a resource

28
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one species benifits from another species but the other species is unaffected

29
Q

Example of interspecific competition?

A

Paramecium experiments

30
Q

What happened in the Paramecium experiments?

A

Alone the species thrived, when mixed both only did OK.

31
Q

What kind of situation is the paramecium experiment showing?

A

Competitive exclusion

32
Q

What is an example of commensalism?

A

Elephants disturbing insects as it walks, egrets eat insects

33
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Two species benefiting from one another

34
Q

Two examples of mutualism?

A

Yucca and moth

Cod and cleaner wrasse

35
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

A way around direct competition by adjusting the location they inhabit

36
Q

What is an example of resource partitioning?

A

Barnacles

37
Q

Fudamental and realized niches are often the same.

True or False

A

False

38
Q

What is paracitism?

A

When a species (parasite) harms another (host)

39
Q

Define: Endoparasites

A

Parasites that live within a host

40
Q

Define: Ectoparasites

A

A parasite that lives on the exterio of a host

41
Q

Define: Parasitoids

A

Parasites that are both parasites and predators

42
Q

Define: Primary Producers

A

Autotroph that capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy

43
Q

Define: Primary Consumer

A

Heterotrophs, herbivores

44
Q

Define: Secondary and Tertiary Consumers

A

Heterotrophs, omnivores or carnivores

45
Q

Define: Detrivores

A

Scavangers (animals)

46
Q

Define: Decomposers

A

Bacteria and fungi, eat dead and decaying organic matter

47
Q 
Ecologists
use ...
illustrate the
...structure of a
community
A

food
chains and
webs to
trophic

48
Q

Is it better to have bigger or smaller food webs and why?

A

Bigger because that means the food web is species rich and more stable

49
Q

What is a benefit of a stable food web?

A

The disappearance of one or two species has no major impact on the community structure

50
Q

What group may increase species richness?

a) Herbivores
b) Ominovers
c) Decomposers
d) Predators

A

d) Predators

51
Q

How do predators increase species richness?

A

They regulate population sizes of the most successful prey

52
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species which have the greatest effect on a community structure

53
Q

What are two examples of a keystone species?

A

Predatory sea stars that eat mussels

Sea otters that prey on urchins

54
Q

What happens if there are no sea otters to feed on urchins?

A

Urchins become populous and eat all kelp

55
Q

Define: Primary succession

A

A habitat developing, starting without soil

56
Q

Define: Secondary succession

A

A habitat developing in a place that already has soil

57
Q

When do secondary successions occur?

A

After fires or other natural disasters

58
Q

What are climax communities?

A

Stable and established ecosystems that are not disturbed

59
Q

What is succession?

A

Somewhat predictable change in species composition over time

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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