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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 24 - Protists > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Protists Flashcards

1
Q

What does the name “Protist” refer to?

A

It is the informal name of the kingdom of mainly unicellular, microscopic eukaryotes

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2
Q

What sets protists apart from prokaryotes

A

They have organelles and are more complex

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3
Q

Are protists unicellular

A

Most are, but they can also be colonial or multicellular

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4
Q

Why can single celled protists be very complex

A

All biological functions have to be carried out by the organelles in every individual cell

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5
Q

What kind of diversity sets protists apart from other eukaryote groups

A

They exhibit more structural and functional diversity, as well as being the most nutritionally diverse

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6
Q

How do protists reproduce

A

They can reproduce either asexually or through the sexual processes of meiosis and fertilization

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7
Q

What 3 groups do prtists fall in to when it come to nutrition

A

Photoautotroph, containing chloroplasts
Heterotrophs, which abosb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotrophs, which combine both previous methods

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8
Q

How is our understanding of the relationships between protist groups

A

Our understanding is changing rapidly

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9
Q

How does our hypothesis divide eukaryotes

A

It divides them into 5 supergroups

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10
Q

Which is a paraphyletic group and which is no longer a kingdom:
Protists, Protista

A

Paraphyletic: Protists

Not a Kingdom: Protista

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11
Q

What are the 5 subsections of the protist taxonomy

A 
Plantae
Excavates
Rhizarian
Unikonts
Chromalveolates
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12
Q

What characterizes Excavates

A

Cytoskeleton
Motified miochondria
Unique flagella

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13
Q

What is a unique characteristic of some members of Excavates

A

Some members have a feeding groove

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14
Q

What are 3 members of the group Excavates

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Kinetoplastids

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15
Q

How do Diplomonads derive energy

A

Anaerobically by methods such as glycolysis

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16
Q

What motified organelle is found in Diplomonads

A

Motified mitochondria, known as mitosomes

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17
Q

What two features of diplomonads are of equal size

A

The nuclei and multipl flagella

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18
Q

What kind of organisms are Diplomonads

A

They are often parasites,

e.g Giardia intestinalis

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19
Q

What modified organelle do Parabasalids have

A

Reduced mitochondria that generate energy without oxygen

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20
Q

What is an example of a Parabasalid

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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21
Q

What doe Trichomonas vaginalis do

A

It’s causes Trich STD infection that feed of vaginal linings and can infect male urethras

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22
Q

What do Kinetoplastids have

A

A single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

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23
Q

Where do Kinetoplastids live

A

In freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems

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24
Q

What other organisms are considered Kinetoplastids

A

Free-living consumers of prokaryotes in wet places

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25
What is an example of a Kinetoplast
Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans
26
What does data suggest about the clade Chromalveolata
That it is monophyletic and originated by secondary endosymbosis
27
What endosymbiont proposed for the developmet of Chromalveolata is
Red algea
28
What are Dinoflagellates
Aquatic and marine phytoplankton
29
What is the mode of nutrition fro Dinoflagellates
Mixotrophic and heterotrophic
30
What do Dinoflagellate blooms cause
Toxic "red tides"
31
What group do Dinoflagellates belong to
Chromalveolata
32
What kind of a group are Ciliates
They are a large group of Chromalveolata
33
How do Ciliates and feed
Using cilia
34
What is the structure of Ciliate nuceli
They have both a macronuclei and a micronuclei
35
Is conjugation reproductive in Ciliates
No, they reproduce by binary fission
36
Describe a Diatom
Uni-cellular algea | Unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica
37
How do Diatoms reproduce
They mainly reproduce asexually but occasionally reproduce sexually
38
What group are Diatoms a major component of
Phytoplankton
39
What kind of diversity do Diatoms express
A high diversity
40
What are fossilized diatoms found in sediment called
Diatomaceous earth
41
What group do Diatoms belong to
Chromalveolata
42
What organisms are included in the group Oomycetes
Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
43
What group were Oomycetes originally thought to be and why
Fungi because they have a similar morphological structure
44
What two lifestyles do most Oomycetes follow
Decomposers or parasites
45
How do Oomycetes eat
They have filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake
46
What is an example of an Oomycete
The Phytophthora infestans that caused the potato blight
47
What group do Oomycetes belong to
Chromalveolata
48
What are golden algea named for
Their colour, resulting from their yellow and brown carotenoids
49
What mode of locomotion do golden algae use
They are biflagellated, meaning they have a flagella on each end
50
What is the mode of nutrition for golden algea
They are all photosynthetic but some are also heterotrophic
51
What kind of structure do golden algea exhibit
They are mostly unicellular but some are colonial
52
What group do golden algea belong to
Chromalveolata
53
What is a defining feature of brown algea as an algea
They are the largest and most complex, especially in multicellular anatomy
54
Are brown algea uicellular or multicellular
All are multicellular
55
What environment do brown algea inhabit
They are most;y marine organisms
56
What group does kelp belong to
Brown algea
57
What is the body of kelp like
It is plant like but it lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It is called a thallus
58
What do kelp have instead of roots
A rootlike holdfast responsible for anchoring the stipe which support the leaf-like blades
59
What group does brown algea belong to
Chromalveolata
60
What does DNA evidence support about the clade Rhizaria
It supports that they are mnophyletic but a diverse clade defined by DNA similarities
61
How do amoeba move and eat
With pseudopods
62
Do all amoeba belong to the Rhizaria clade
Not all amoeba
63
What three organisms belong to Rhizaria
Radiolarians Chlororachinophytes Forams
64
What makes up the body of Radiolarians
Fused delicate tests, usually made of silica
65
How do Radiolarians eat
They use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis
66
Where do Radiolaran pseudpodia come from
They radiate from the central body
67
What are Chloraracniophytes
Amoebas containing chloroplasts that can also use pseudopods to catch prey
68
What are Forams named for
They are named for multichambered shells, tests, of calcium carbonate
69
What likely happened to a heterotropic protist over a billion years ago
They aquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont
70
What group aquired the cyanobacterial endosymbiont
Archaeplastida (Plantae)
71
What did descendants of the ancient Archaeplastida evolve into
Red algae Green algae Land plants
72
Why are red algae reddish in colour
They have an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin
73
What does phycoerythrin
It masks the green of chlorophyll in red algae
74
How does the colour of red algae vary
It varies from greenish-red to dark red or almost black
75
Are red algae multicellular or unicellular
They are multicellular, with seaweed being the largest
76
Where are large algae most abundant
In the costal waters of the tropics
77
What are green algae named for
Their grass-green chloroplasts
78
What do plants descend from
From a green algae ancestor
79
What are the two main groups of green algae
They are chlorophytes and charophyceans
80
Where do most chlorophytes live
In fresh water, although many are marine
81
Are Chlorophytes unicellular or multicellular
They are both unicellular and multicellular, as well as colonial
82
Where do other chlorophytes live
In damp soil or snow
83
What does astaxanthin do
Creates a red pigment
84
What are the subgroups of Archaeplastida
Red Algae Green Algae Chlorophytes
85
What is included in the supergroup Unikonta
Animals Fungi Some Protisits (Amoebozoans)
86
What are amoebozoans
Amoeba with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia that feed on bacteria, protists, and decomposing plant matter, or are parasites
87
What are some amoebozoans
Slime molds | Heterotrophic and parasitic amoeba
88
What is Fuligo septica
Dog vomit slime
89
What is dog vomit slime
Fuligo septica
90
What group are Opisthokonts is
Unikonta
91
What organisms are Opisthokonts
Animals Fungi Related protists like Choanoflagellates

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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