Chapter 24 - Protists Flashcards
What does the name “Protist” refer to?
It is the informal name of the kingdom of mainly unicellular, microscopic eukaryotes
What sets protists apart from prokaryotes
They have organelles and are more complex
Are protists unicellular
Most are, but they can also be colonial or multicellular
Why can single celled protists be very complex
All biological functions have to be carried out by the organelles in every individual cell
What kind of diversity sets protists apart from other eukaryote groups
They exhibit more structural and functional diversity, as well as being the most nutritionally diverse
How do protists reproduce
They can reproduce either asexually or through the sexual processes of meiosis and fertilization
What 3 groups do prtists fall in to when it come to nutrition
Photoautotroph, containing chloroplasts
Heterotrophs, which abosb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotrophs, which combine both previous methods
How is our understanding of the relationships between protist groups
Our understanding is changing rapidly
How does our hypothesis divide eukaryotes
It divides them into 5 supergroups
Which is a paraphyletic group and which is no longer a kingdom:
Protists, Protista
Paraphyletic: Protists
Not a Kingdom: Protista
What are the 5 subsections of the protist taxonomy
Plantae Excavates Rhizarian Unikonts Chromalveolates
What characterizes Excavates
Cytoskeleton
Motified miochondria
Unique flagella
What is a unique characteristic of some members of Excavates
Some members have a feeding groove
What are 3 members of the group Excavates
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Kinetoplastids
How do Diplomonads derive energy
Anaerobically by methods such as glycolysis
What motified organelle is found in Diplomonads
Motified mitochondria, known as mitosomes
What two features of diplomonads are of equal size
The nuclei and multipl flagella
What kind of organisms are Diplomonads
They are often parasites,
e.g Giardia intestinalis
What modified organelle do Parabasalids have
Reduced mitochondria that generate energy without oxygen
What is an example of a Parabasalid
Trichomonas vaginalis
What doe Trichomonas vaginalis do
It’s causes Trich STD infection that feed of vaginal linings and can infect male urethras
What do Kinetoplastids have
A single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
Where do Kinetoplastids live
In freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems
What other organisms are considered Kinetoplastids
Free-living consumers of prokaryotes in wet places
What is an example of a Kinetoplast
Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans
What does data suggest about the clade Chromalveolata
That it is monophyletic and originated by secondary endosymbosis
What endosymbiont proposed for the developmet of Chromalveolata is
Red algea
What are Dinoflagellates
Aquatic and marine phytoplankton
What is the mode of nutrition fro Dinoflagellates
Mixotrophic and heterotrophic
What do Dinoflagellate blooms cause
Toxic “red tides”
What group do Dinoflagellates belong to
Chromalveolata
What kind of a group are Ciliates
They are a large group of Chromalveolata
How do Ciliates and feed
Using cilia
What is the structure of Ciliate nuceli
They have both a macronuclei and a micronuclei
Is conjugation reproductive in Ciliates
No, they reproduce by binary fission
Describe a Diatom
Uni-cellular algea
Unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica
How do Diatoms reproduce
They mainly reproduce asexually but occasionally reproduce sexually
What group are Diatoms a major component of
Phytoplankton
What kind of diversity do Diatoms express
A high diversity
What are fossilized diatoms found in sediment called
Diatomaceous earth
What group do Diatoms belong to
Chromalveolata
What organisms are included in the group Oomycetes
Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
What group were Oomycetes originally thought to be and why
Fungi because they have a similar morphological structure
What two lifestyles do most Oomycetes follow
Decomposers or parasites
How do Oomycetes eat
They have filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake
What is an example of an Oomycete
The Phytophthora infestans that caused the potato blight
What group do Oomycetes belong to
Chromalveolata
What are golden algea named for
Their colour, resulting from their yellow and brown carotenoids
What mode of locomotion do golden algae use
They are biflagellated, meaning they have a flagella on each end
What is the mode of nutrition for golden algea
They are all photosynthetic but some are also heterotrophic
What kind of structure do golden algea exhibit
They are mostly unicellular but some are colonial
What group do golden algea belong to
Chromalveolata
What is a defining feature of brown algea as an algea
They are the largest and most complex, especially in multicellular anatomy
Are brown algea uicellular or multicellular
All are multicellular
What environment do brown algea inhabit
They are most;y marine organisms
What group does kelp belong to
Brown algea
What is the body of kelp like
It is plant like but it lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It is called a thallus
What do kelp have instead of roots
A rootlike holdfast responsible for anchoring the stipe which support the leaf-like blades
What group does brown algea belong to
Chromalveolata
What does DNA evidence support about the clade Rhizaria
It supports that they are mnophyletic but a diverse clade defined by DNA similarities
How do amoeba move and eat
With pseudopods
Do all amoeba belong to the Rhizaria clade
Not all amoeba
What three organisms belong to Rhizaria
Radiolarians
Chlororachinophytes
Forams
What makes up the body of Radiolarians
Fused delicate tests, usually made of silica
How do Radiolarians eat
They use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis
Where do Radiolaran pseudpodia come from
They radiate from the central body
What are Chloraracniophytes
Amoebas containing chloroplasts that can also use pseudopods to catch prey
What are Forams named for
They are named for multichambered shells, tests, of calcium carbonate
What likely happened to a heterotropic protist over a billion years ago
They aquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont
What group aquired the cyanobacterial endosymbiont
Archaeplastida (Plantae)
What did descendants of the ancient Archaeplastida evolve into
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Why are red algae reddish in colour
They have an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin
What does phycoerythrin
It masks the green of chlorophyll in red algae
How does the colour of red algae vary
It varies from greenish-red to dark red or almost black
Are red algae multicellular or unicellular
They are multicellular, with seaweed being the largest
Where are large algae most abundant
In the costal waters of the tropics
What are green algae named for
Their grass-green chloroplasts
What do plants descend from
From a green algae ancestor
What are the two main groups of green algae
They are chlorophytes and charophyceans
Where do most chlorophytes live
In fresh water, although many are marine
Are Chlorophytes unicellular or multicellular
They are both unicellular and multicellular, as well as colonial
Where do other chlorophytes live
In damp soil or snow
What does astaxanthin do
Creates a red pigment
What are the subgroups of Archaeplastida
Red Algae
Green Algae
Chlorophytes
What is included in the supergroup Unikonta
Animals
Fungi
Some Protisits (Amoebozoans)
What are amoebozoans
Amoeba with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia that feed on bacteria, protists, and decomposing plant matter, or are parasites
What are some amoebozoans
Slime molds
Heterotrophic and parasitic amoeba
What is Fuligo septica
Dog vomit slime
What is dog vomit slime
Fuligo septica
What group are Opisthokonts is
Unikonta
What organisms are Opisthokonts
Animals
Fungi
Related protists like Choanoflagellates
