Chapter 24 - Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the name “Protist” refer to?

A

It is the informal name of the kingdom of mainly unicellular, microscopic eukaryotes

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2
Q

What sets protists apart from prokaryotes

A

They have organelles and are more complex

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3
Q

Are protists unicellular

A

Most are, but they can also be colonial or multicellular

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4
Q

Why can single celled protists be very complex

A

All biological functions have to be carried out by the organelles in every individual cell

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5
Q

What kind of diversity sets protists apart from other eukaryote groups

A

They exhibit more structural and functional diversity, as well as being the most nutritionally diverse

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6
Q

How do protists reproduce

A

They can reproduce either asexually or through the sexual processes of meiosis and fertilization

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7
Q

What 3 groups do prtists fall in to when it come to nutrition

A

Photoautotroph, containing chloroplasts
Heterotrophs, which abosb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotrophs, which combine both previous methods

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8
Q

How is our understanding of the relationships between protist groups

A

Our understanding is changing rapidly

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9
Q

How does our hypothesis divide eukaryotes

A

It divides them into 5 supergroups

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10
Q

Which is a paraphyletic group and which is no longer a kingdom:
Protists, Protista

A

Paraphyletic: Protists

Not a Kingdom: Protista

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11
Q

What are the 5 subsections of the protist taxonomy

A
Plantae
Excavates
Rhizarian
Unikonts
Chromalveolates
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12
Q

What characterizes Excavates

A

Cytoskeleton
Motified miochondria
Unique flagella

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13
Q

What is a unique characteristic of some members of Excavates

A

Some members have a feeding groove

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14
Q

What are 3 members of the group Excavates

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Kinetoplastids

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15
Q

How do Diplomonads derive energy

A

Anaerobically by methods such as glycolysis

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16
Q

What motified organelle is found in Diplomonads

A

Motified mitochondria, known as mitosomes

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17
Q

What two features of diplomonads are of equal size

A

The nuclei and multipl flagella

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18
Q

What kind of organisms are Diplomonads

A

They are often parasites,

e.g Giardia intestinalis

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19
Q

What modified organelle do Parabasalids have

A

Reduced mitochondria that generate energy without oxygen

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20
Q

What is an example of a Parabasalid

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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21
Q

What doe Trichomonas vaginalis do

A

It’s causes Trich STD infection that feed of vaginal linings and can infect male urethras

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22
Q

What do Kinetoplastids have

A

A single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

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23
Q

Where do Kinetoplastids live

A

In freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems

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24
Q

What other organisms are considered Kinetoplastids

A

Free-living consumers of prokaryotes in wet places

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25
Q

What is an example of a Kinetoplast

A

Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans

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26
Q

What does data suggest about the clade Chromalveolata

A

That it is monophyletic and originated by secondary endosymbosis

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27
Q

What endosymbiont proposed for the developmet of Chromalveolata is

A

Red algea

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28
Q

What are Dinoflagellates

A

Aquatic and marine phytoplankton

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29
Q

What is the mode of nutrition fro Dinoflagellates

A

Mixotrophic and heterotrophic

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30
Q

What do Dinoflagellate blooms cause

A

Toxic “red tides”

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31
Q

What group do Dinoflagellates belong to

A

Chromalveolata

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32
Q

What kind of a group are Ciliates

A

They are a large group of Chromalveolata

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33
Q

How do Ciliates and feed

A

Using cilia

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34
Q

What is the structure of Ciliate nuceli

A

They have both a macronuclei and a micronuclei

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35
Q

Is conjugation reproductive in Ciliates

A

No, they reproduce by binary fission

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36
Q

Describe a Diatom

A

Uni-cellular algea

Unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica

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37
Q

How do Diatoms reproduce

A

They mainly reproduce asexually but occasionally reproduce sexually

38
Q

What group are Diatoms a major component of

A

Phytoplankton

39
Q

What kind of diversity do Diatoms express

A

A high diversity

40
Q

What are fossilized diatoms found in sediment called

A

Diatomaceous earth

41
Q

What group do Diatoms belong to

A

Chromalveolata

42
Q

What organisms are included in the group Oomycetes

A

Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews

43
Q

What group were Oomycetes originally thought to be and why

A

Fungi because they have a similar morphological structure

44
Q

What two lifestyles do most Oomycetes follow

A

Decomposers or parasites

45
Q

How do Oomycetes eat

A

They have filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake

46
Q

What is an example of an Oomycete

A

The Phytophthora infestans that caused the potato blight

47
Q

What group do Oomycetes belong to

A

Chromalveolata

48
Q

What are golden algea named for

A

Their colour, resulting from their yellow and brown carotenoids

49
Q

What mode of locomotion do golden algae use

A

They are biflagellated, meaning they have a flagella on each end

50
Q

What is the mode of nutrition for golden algea

A

They are all photosynthetic but some are also heterotrophic

51
Q

What kind of structure do golden algea exhibit

A

They are mostly unicellular but some are colonial

52
Q

What group do golden algea belong to

A

Chromalveolata

53
Q

What is a defining feature of brown algea as an algea

A

They are the largest and most complex, especially in multicellular anatomy

54
Q

Are brown algea uicellular or multicellular

A

All are multicellular

55
Q

What environment do brown algea inhabit

A

They are most;y marine organisms

56
Q

What group does kelp belong to

A

Brown algea

57
Q

What is the body of kelp like

A

It is plant like but it lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It is called a thallus

58
Q

What do kelp have instead of roots

A

A rootlike holdfast responsible for anchoring the stipe which support the leaf-like blades

59
Q

What group does brown algea belong to

A

Chromalveolata

60
Q

What does DNA evidence support about the clade Rhizaria

A

It supports that they are mnophyletic but a diverse clade defined by DNA similarities

61
Q

How do amoeba move and eat

A

With pseudopods

62
Q

Do all amoeba belong to the Rhizaria clade

A

Not all amoeba

63
Q

What three organisms belong to Rhizaria

A

Radiolarians
Chlororachinophytes
Forams

64
Q

What makes up the body of Radiolarians

A

Fused delicate tests, usually made of silica

65
Q

How do Radiolarians eat

A

They use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis

66
Q

Where do Radiolaran pseudpodia come from

A

They radiate from the central body

67
Q

What are Chloraracniophytes

A

Amoebas containing chloroplasts that can also use pseudopods to catch prey

68
Q

What are Forams named for

A

They are named for multichambered shells, tests, of calcium carbonate

69
Q

What likely happened to a heterotropic protist over a billion years ago

A

They aquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont

70
Q

What group aquired the cyanobacterial endosymbiont

A

Archaeplastida (Plantae)

71
Q

What did descendants of the ancient Archaeplastida evolve into

A

Red algae
Green algae
Land plants

72
Q

Why are red algae reddish in colour

A

They have an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin

73
Q

What does phycoerythrin

A

It masks the green of chlorophyll in red algae

74
Q

How does the colour of red algae vary

A

It varies from greenish-red to dark red or almost black

75
Q

Are red algae multicellular or unicellular

A

They are multicellular, with seaweed being the largest

76
Q

Where are large algae most abundant

A

In the costal waters of the tropics

77
Q

What are green algae named for

A

Their grass-green chloroplasts

78
Q

What do plants descend from

A

From a green algae ancestor

79
Q

What are the two main groups of green algae

A

They are chlorophytes and charophyceans

80
Q

Where do most chlorophytes live

A

In fresh water, although many are marine

81
Q

Are Chlorophytes unicellular or multicellular

A

They are both unicellular and multicellular, as well as colonial

82
Q

Where do other chlorophytes live

A

In damp soil or snow

83
Q

What does astaxanthin do

A

Creates a red pigment

84
Q

What are the subgroups of Archaeplastida

A

Red Algae
Green Algae
Chlorophytes

85
Q

What is included in the supergroup Unikonta

A

Animals
Fungi
Some Protisits (Amoebozoans)

86
Q

What are amoebozoans

A

Amoeba with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia that feed on bacteria, protists, and decomposing plant matter, or are parasites

87
Q

What are some amoebozoans

A

Slime molds

Heterotrophic and parasitic amoeba

88
Q

What is Fuligo septica

A

Dog vomit slime

89
Q

What is dog vomit slime

A

Fuligo septica

90
Q

What group are Opisthokonts is

A

Unikonta

91
Q

What organisms are Opisthokonts

A

Animals
Fungi
Related protists like Choanoflagellates