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Biology 104 - UNBC > Chapter 23 - Bacteria and Archea > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Bacteria and Archea Flashcards

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1
Q

2 domains of prokaryotes

A

Archae and Bacteria

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2
Q

Archae and Bacteria

A

2 domains of prokaryotes

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3
Q

How big are most prokaryotes

A

Microscopic but grow in large quantities

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4
Q

How many prokaryotes would be in a handful of fertile soil

A

More than the amount of people that have ever lived

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5
Q

Where do prokaryotes thrive

A

Everywhere, even area uninhabitable by other organisms

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6
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular

A

They are unicellular but grow in colonies

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7
Q

How big are most prokaryotic cells

A

.5-5 micrometers

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8
Q

How big are most eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 micrometers

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9
Q

What are the three common shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci, bacilli, and spirillum(spiral)

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10
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shaped prokaryote

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11
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped prokaryote

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12
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral shaped prokaryotes

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13
Q

What other shape of prokaryote exists

A

Square shaped

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14
Q

What cell structure is present on nearly all prokaryotes and what do they do

A

Cell walls

They protect the cell, provide structure, and prevent bursting in a hypotonic environment

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15
Q

What are eukaryotic cell walls made of

A

Cellulose or chitin

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16
Q

What do bacterial walls contain

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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18
Q

What components make up archaean cell walls

A

Polysaccharides and proteins

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19
Q

What do archaean cell walls lack

A

Peptidoglycan

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20
Q

What is a common way of classifying bacterial species

A

Gram-staining

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21
Q

What component if prokaryotic cells does gram-staining use

A

Cell wall composition

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22
Q

What are characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

A

Less peptidoglycan
Toxic coatings
Antibiotic resistant

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23
Q

What are characteristics of gram-positive bacteria

A

Cell walls have about 90% peptidoglycan within them
Less toxic
Not antibiotic resistant

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24
Q

Gram pos + neg slide diagram

A

Diggy

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25
Q

What protective feature do some prokaryotes have

A

A protective capsule

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26
Q

What do fimbrae do

A

Allow cells to stick to substrate or other cells

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27
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have fimbrae

A

Some do

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28
Q

Describe sex pili and what they do

A

They are longer than Fimbrae and allow for DNA exchange

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29
Q

What are flagella used for

A

Movement

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30
Q

4 outer characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Fimbrae
Sex pili
Flagella
Capsule

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31
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack

A

Complex compartmentalization

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32
Q

What do specialized membranes do for prokaryotic cells

A

They perform metabolic functions

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33
Q

Which genome has more DNA

A

Eukaryotic genome

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34
Q

Which genome has less DNA

A

Prokaryotic genome

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35
Q

Where is genetic material located in prokaryotes

A

In the nucleoid of the cell

36
Q

What does the prokaryotic genome consist of

A

A circular chromosome

37
Q

What kind of smaller rings of DNA do some bacteria have

A

Plasmids

38
Q

How often do prokaryotes reproduce

A

Every 1-3 hours

39
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

By binary fission

40
Q

Are prokaryotic offspring genetically identical

A

Yes

41
Q

Are mutation rates high or low during binary fission

A

Low

42
Q

What can cause mutations to still arise at fast rates

A

Rapid reproduction

43
Q

How many e.coli can be produced in a day in a human host

A

9 million

44
Q

What allows for rapid evolution

A

High diversity from mutations

45
Q

What is conjunction

A

A process in which plasmid DNA is transferred directly between cells through direct contact

46
Q

What structure is used during conjunction

A

Sex pili

47
Q

What is transformation

A

When a bacteria collects DNA from broken down organisms and incorporates it into its own genome

48
Q

What is transduction

A

It is the process of bacteria swapping genes through a viral vector

49
Q

Who obtains energy from light

A

Phototrophs

50
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

51
Q

What do autotrophs require

A

The require CO2 as a carbon source

52
Q

What do heterotrophs require

A

Organic nutrients to make an organic compound

53
Q

What are the four major modes of nutrition

A

Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Photoautotroph
Photoheterotroph

54
Q

Who uses chemoautotrophy

A

Some bacteria and archaea

55
Q

Who uses chemoheterotrophy

A

Some bacteria and archaea as well as fungi, animals, and some plants

56
Q

Who are photoautrotrophs

A

Bacteria, protists, and most plants

57
Q

Who are photoheterotrophs

A

Some bacteria

58
Q

What does cooperation allow prokaryotes to do

A

Use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells

59
Q

What is Nostoc

A

A cyanobacteria

60
Q

What organism is a close relative to Nostoc

A

Anabaena

61
Q

What are heterocytes?

A

A specialized thick walled cell used for nitrogen fixation

62
Q

How does Anabaena exchange metabolic products (nitrogens for sugars)

A

They use photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells

63
Q

How long ago did cyanobacteria start aggregating

A

3.5 billion years ago

64
Q

What did early systemisists base prokaryotic taxonomy on and until what time?

A

They based it on phenotypic criteria until the late 20th century

65
Q

What has changed how we perceive prokaryotic phyloigeny

A

Applying molecular systemics to the previous ideas

66
Q

What has the new system of taxonomy allowed systematists to do

A

Identify major new clades

67
Q

5 types of bacteria in the domain Bacteria

A 
Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Spirochetes
Chlamydias
68
Q

4 types of archaea in the domain Archaea

A

Euryachaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarcheota
Lokiarchaeota

69
Q

1 type of eukaryote in the domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotes

70
Q

What ancestor do all the domains trace back to

A

LUCA

71
Q

What are archaea that live in extreme environments called

A

Extremophiles

72
Q

What archaea live in highly saline environments

A

Extreme halophiles

73
Q

What archaea live in very hot environments

A

Extreme thermophiles

74
Q

What arechaes live in swamps and marshes

A

Methanogens

75
Q

What do methanogens produce as a waste product

A

Methane

76
Q

What kind of respiration do methanogens use

A

They are strict anaerobes, poisoned by oxygen

77
Q

What has revealed many new groups of Archaea and Bacteria in recent years

A

Genetic prospecting

78
Q

Was do new findings in the prokaryotes provide

A

They provide more clues to the early evolution of life on Earth

79
Q

What domain makes up most prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

80
Q

Do bacteria use one or many nutritional types

A

The major groups use many diverse nutritional types

81
Q

What ways do bacteria get nutrients

A

Converting atmospheric nitrogen in host tissues to construct proteins
Be pathogenic and/or parasitic
Produce oxygen through photosynthesis
Decompose soil organics

82
Q

What is a major role of prokaryotes

A

Recycling nutrients between living and nonliving systems

83
Q

What form do may prokaryotes appear in

A

As films or aggregations

84
Q

What do nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes do for the environment

A

They add usable nitrogen to the environment

85
Q

What prokaryotes function as decomposers

A

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes

86
Q

What do chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes do

A

Break down corpses, vegetation, and wast products in a systematic way that appears predictable

Biology 104 - UNBC (12 decks)

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