Chapter 27 - Animals Flashcards
1
Q
How many living species of animals have been identified?
A
1.3 million
2
Q
“The animal kingdom extends far beyond
humans and other animals we may encounter”
True or False?
A
True
3
Q
Are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic?
A
Heterotrophic
4
Q
How do animals consume nutrients?(Not specific nutrition mode)
A
They ingest their food
5
Q
Are animals multicellular or unicellular?
A
Multicellular
6
Q
What domain do animals belong to?
A
Eukarya
7
Q
What do animals cells lack that plant cells have? (1)
A
They lack cell walls
8
Q
How are animal bodies held together?
A
By structural proteins
9
Q
What is one kind of structural protein?
A
Collagen
10
Q
What two tissues are unique to animals?
A
Nervous tissue and muscle tissues
11
Q
How do most animals reproduce?
A
Sexually
12
Q
What stage dominates the animal life cycle?
A
The diploid stage
13
Q
What percentage of the animal kingdom is extinct? (Species)
A
99% of species
14
Q
What is greater in the animal kingdom, the diversity if living species or the diversity of extinct ones?
A
The diversity of extinct species
15
Q
In what time range did the common ancestor of living animals and choanoflagellates live?
A
Between 675 to 875 million years ago
16
Q
How do zoologists categorize animals?
A
They categorize them by body plan
17
Q
What is a body plan?
A
A set of morphological and developmental traits
18
Q
What is one defining category of an animal’s body plan?
A
Symmetry or a lack of symmetry
19
Q
What kind of symmetry can animals have
A
Radial or bilateral
20
Q
What 3 sets of positions occur with bilateral symmetry?
A
Dorsal and ventral
Right and left
Anterior and posterior
21
Q
The organization of the animal’s …… can change the animal’s body plan.
A
Tissues
22
Q
What are tissues?
A
A collection of specialized cells
23
Q
How are tissue cells isolated?
A
They are isolated from other tissues by membrane layers
24
Q
What layers are present during deveopment in animals and how many layers are there?
A
Germ layers
Three
25
What do the three germ layers give rise to? (2)
The tissues and organs of the animal embryo
26
Define: Ectoderm
The germ layer covering the embryo's surface
27
Define: Endoderm
The archenteron
28
Define: Archenteron
The innermost germ layer lining the developing digestive tube
29
Define: Diploblastic
Animals with both an ectoderm and endoderm
30
Define: Triploblastic
Animals with ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
31
Define: Mesoderm
Middle layer of the three germ layers
32
All bilaterians are...
a) Diploblastic
b) Autotrophic
c) Triploblastic
d) Symmetrical
c) Triploblastic
33
What do most triploblastic animals possess
A body cavity
34
What is a true body cavity called
A coelom
35
What are coelomates?
Animals that possess a true coelom
36
What two kinds of development categories can many animals be categorized as having?
Protostome
| Deuterostome
37
Describe cleavage in Protostome development (2)
Spiral and determinate
38
Describe cleavage in Deuterostome development (2)
Radial and indeterminate
39
What three groups are Deuterostomes?
Echinoderms
Hemicordates
Chordates
40
Are most animals Protosomes or Deuterostomes?
Protosomes
41
What system is developed from the ectoderm?
The brain/nervous system
42
What is an acoelomate?
An animal with no body cavity separating gut and body wall
43
What is a pseudocoelomate?
An animal that has a body cavity but it isn't fully lined by the mesoderm.
44
Which kind of development allows for the possibility of a cell breaking off in early cleavage and fully developing?
Deuterostome development
45
What is possible because of indeterminate cleavage?
Identical twins and embryonic stem cells
46
What hole comes first in Dueterostomes?
Ass
47
What hole comes first in Protosomes?
Mouth
48
What hole comes second in Deuterostomes?
Mouth
49
What hole comes second in Protosomes?
Bum!
50
How many phyla do zoologists recognize? (range)
30-40 phyla
51
What percent of animals are invertebrates?
95%
52
What kind of symmetry do Ctenophora have?
Radial symmetry
53
What do Ctenophores lack?
Nematocytes
54
How do Ctenophores expel waste?
Through anal pores
55
What do Ctenophores use instead of nematocytes?
Sticky filaments
56
What are two features of Ctenophores?
Meogla and feeding tenticles
57
How do Cteniphores expell their sperm and eggs?
Through their mouths
58
Are Ctenophores bioluminescent?
They often are
59
How do Ctenophores move?
By using cilia on plates
60
What kind of animals are sponges?
Sessile aquatic/marine animals
61
What do sponges lack?
True tissues and organs
62
What phylum are sponges
Porifera
63
True or False:
| Most sponges are hermaphorodites
True
64
How do sponges feed
They suspension feed
65
What parts of a sponge assist with suspension feeding? (3)
Choabocytes
Osculum
Spongocoel
66
Describe the process of suspension feeding
Choanocystes move water through pores into the spongocoel and out through the osculum
67
What phylum is the oldest in the clade Eumetazoa?
Cnidaria
68
What clade does the phylum Cnidaria belong to?
Eumetazoa
69
What two forms have Cnidarians diversified into?
Sessile (polyp)
| Motile (medusa)
70
What are three general groups of Cnidarians?
Jellies
Corals
Hydras
71
Describe the basic body plan of a Cnidaria
Sac with a central digestive compartment
72
What is the name of the central digestive compartment in Cnidarians?
Gastrovascular cavity
73
What is the function of the one opening on the Cnidarians?
It is a mouth and anus
74
How many tissue layers are present in Cnidarians?
2 layers
75
Are Cnidarians herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores?
Carnivores
76
How do Cnidarians capture prey?
With tentacles
77
What cells are found on the tentacles of Cnidarians and what are their 2 functions
Cnidocytes
| Function in defense and capture of prey
78
What are nematocysts?
Specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread
79
What kind of symmetry do Bilaterian animals have?
Bilateral symmetry
80
Bilaterian animals have .....blastic development
Triploblastic
81
What two groups fall under the clade Bilateria?
Protosomia
| Deuterostomia
82
What two groups fall under Protosomia?
Lophotrochozoa
| Ecdysozoa
83
What are some organisms considered to be Lophotrochozoa? (5)
```
Ectoprocts
Brachiopoda
Flatworms
Molluscs
The annelids
```
84
Why do some organisms develop a lophophore?
For feeding
85
What kind of stage do some Lophotrochozoa go through?
Trochophore larval stage
86
What specific feature do Lophophorates have?
A lophophore
87
Describe a lophophore
A horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding organ with ciliated tentacles
88
Lophophorates include
| the phyla:
Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda and
| others
89
What is another name for ectoprocts and why?
Bryozoans because they resemble plants
90
What kind of animals are Ectoprocts? (social + body feature)
Colonial animals encased in an exoskeleton
91
What do some Ectoproct species do?
Build reefs
92
What do Brachiopods resemble uperficially
Hinge-shelled molluscs
93
What sets Brachiopods apart from hinge-shelled molluscs?
They have dorsal and ventral shells rather than lateral shells
94
Where do Platyhelminthes live?
In marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
95
Although flatworms
undergo .....
development, they
are .....
triploblastic
| acoelomates
96
Describe flatworms
They are flattened dorso-ventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity
97
What are tapeworms and what do they do?
They are parasitic flatworms that lack digestive systems, requiring them to gather nutrients from a host's intestine
98
What is the common name of the phylum Nemertea?
Ribbon worms
99
Decribe Ribbon worms (Environment, how they eat, size...)
Marine
Carnivorous
Elongate and colourful
Usually less than 20cm but have been found up to 54m long
100
What organisms are included in the phylum Mollusca?
```
Snails
Slugs
Oysters
Clams
Octopuses
Squids
```
101
What environment do molluscs inhabit? (3)
Marine habitats
Some fresh water
Some terrestrial
102
Describe the physical body of molluscs (really unspecific)
Soft-bodied, but most are protected by a hard shell
103
What 3 parts make up the general body plan of molluscs?
Muscular foot
Visceral mass
Mantle
104
What feature is common do many molluscs have?
Water- filled mantle cavity
105
What structure do molluscs use to feed?
Rasp-like radula
106
What are the four major classes of molluscs?
Chitons
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
107
What class consists of chitons?
Polyplacophora
108
Describe chitons
Oval shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
109
Roughly what portion of all living species of molluscs are gastropods?
Three quarters
110
About three-quarters of all
| living species of molluscs are...
Gastropods
111
What class are bivalves?
Bivalvia
112
What does bivalvia mean?
Shell in two halves
113
What organisms are included in the class Bivalvia? (non-specific)
Clams
Oysters
Mussels
Scallops
114
What class are Cephalopods?
Cephalopoda
115
What organisms are included in the class Cephalopoda?
Squids
Nautili
Octopuses
116
Describe cephalopods
Carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
117
Look at octopus slide
Weird wording
118
What kind of hooks do squid suckers have?
Chitinous hooks
119
Describe annelids
They have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
120
What three classes is the phylum Annelida divided in to?
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Hirudinea
121
What organisms are in the class:
a) Oligochatea
b) Polychaeta
c) Hirudinea
a) earthworms and their relatives
b) Polychaetes or marine worms
c) Leeches
122
What are Oligochatea?
Terrestrial and aquatic worms named for their bristles of chitin or chaetae
123
What do earworms eat and how do they extract nutrients
They eat soil, extracting nutrients as soil moves through the alimentary canal
124
Desricribe members of the class Polychaetes
They have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and help with locomotion
125
Describe members of the class Hirudinea
Blood sucking parasites, predators, or scavangers
| Secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood coagulation
126
What are ecdysozoans covered by?
A tough coat called a cuticle
127
By what process is the cuticle shed or molted?
Ecdysis
128
What are the two largest phyla of Ecdysozoans?
Nematodes
| Arthropods
129
What is another name for nematodes?
Roundworms
130
Where are nematodes found? (4)
In most aquatic habitats, soil, moist tissues of plants, and in the body tissues and fluids of animals
131
3 characteristics of nematodes
Internal fertilization
Alimentary canal
No circulatory system
132
How many living species of velvet worms are there?
65
133
What habitat do velvet worms inhabit
Terrestrial, moist, temperate, and tropical habitats in the southern hemisphere
134
What are two features of velvet worms?
They have numerous paired legs and are superficially segmented
135
Do velvet worms bear live young?
Yes
136
... out of every ... species of animals are anthropods.
Two
| Three
137
Where are members of the phylum Arthropoda found? (broad)
Nearly all habitats of the biosphere
138
Describe anthropods (2)
Covered in an exoskeleton made of proteins and chitin
| Molt exoskeleton as they grow
139
What kind of circulatory system do anthropods have?
An open circulatory system
140
What fluid is found in the circulatory system of anthropods and where does it circulate?
Hemolymph
| Circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
141
What are a variety of organs specialized for in anthropods?
Gas exchange
142
What is the subphylum of Cheliceriforms?
Cheliceriformes
143
What are Cheliceriforms named for?
Claw like feeding appendages called chelicerae
144
Earliest cheliceriforms?
Eurypterids (sea scorpions)
145
Most marine cheliceriforms are ... but some species survive today, including ... and ...
Extinct
Horseshoe crabs
Sea spiders
146
Most modern cheliceriforms are ...
Arachnids
147
What are 4 examples of arachnids?
Spiders
Scorpions
Ticks
Mites
148
Describe the body structure of Arachnids
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Book Lungs
Specialized abdominal glands
149
What are the appendages found on the cephalothorax and what are their names?
Six pairs of appendages
Chelicerae
Pedipalps
Legs
150
What do many spiders produce?
Silk, a liquid protein
151
What group of animals has mainly remained in marine and freshwater environments?
Crustaceans
152
What is the subphylum of Crustaceans?
Crustacea
153
Describe a typical crustacean
Branched appendages,
| Seperate male and female parts
154
What do crustaceans use their branched appendages for?
Feeding and locomotion
155
Isopods include what three species? (non-specific)
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Marine
156
What is a well known group of terrestrial isopods?
Pill bugs!
157
What group are relatively large crustaceans?
Decapods
158
What are 4 examples of decapods?
Lobsters
Crabs
Crayfish
Shrimp
159
What subphylum includes millipedes and centipedes?
Myriapoda
160
Describe Myriapods
Terrestrial with jaw-like mandibles
161
Millipedes are ... that eat decaying plant matter
Detritivores
162
What does each truck segment of millipedes have?
2 pairs of legs
163
Centipedes are what kind of heterotroph?
Carnivores
164
How many leg pairs do they have per trunk segments?
One pair per trunk segment
165
What subphylum has more species than all other life forms combined?
Hexapoda
166
Where do hexapoda live?
In almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
167
What does the internal anatomy include? (non-specific)
Several complex organ systems, such as light organs
168
What organisms are know for their light organs????
Fireflies!!!
169
What are the advantages that an animal that flies has (3)
Escape predators
Find food
Disperse to new habitats much faster
170
What did flight allow for with respect to palnts?
Feeding o gymnosperms and co-evolution with angiosperms
171
What two diversity griups declined during the Cretaceous extinction?
Insect and plant
172
How long has insect and plant diversity been increasing?
65 million years (since the Cretaceous extinction)
173
Sea stars and other echinoderms are from the phylum?
Echinodermata
174
What phylum do Echinodermata seem to have little in common with?
The phylum Chordata, including vertebrates
175
Echinodermata are
a) Protosomes
b) Flagellates
c) Deuterostomes
d) Anteaters
c) Deuterostomes
Pls don't say anteaters
176
Chordates share many features of embryonic development with...
Echinoderms and acorn worms
177
How long have Chordates been evolving seperately?
At least 500 million years
178
All chordates share a set of ...
Derived characters
179
Some species of chordates only have derived character traits during what stage of development?
Embryonic development
180
Four key characteristics of chordates
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail
181
What is the notochord?
A longitudinal, flexible rod made of fluid-filled cells surrounded by tough connective tissues between the digestive tube and nerve chord
182
What does the notochord do?
It provides skeletal supports throughout most of the length of a chordate
183
Do most vertebrate adults have a notochord?
No, they just retain the remnants of the embryonic notochord
184
What kind of skeleton forms in vertebrates with respect to chordates?
A more complex, jointed skeleton
185
In chordates, pharynx grooves are called ... and they develop into ... that ...
Pharyngeal clefts
Slits
Open to the outside of the body
186
What are the three function of the pharyngeal slits?
```
Suspension-feeding structures in many
invertebrate chordates
– Gas exchange in vertebrates (except
vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
– Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck
in tetrapods
```
187
What do chordates have posterior to the anus
A tail
188
In many species of chordates the tail is greatly reduced during ...
Embryonic development
189
What does the chordate tail contain? (2)
Skeletal elements and muscles
190
What does the chordate tail do?
It provides a propelling force in many aquatic species
191
What are lancelets named for?
Their blade-like shape
192
What group do Lancelets belong to?
Cephalochordata
193
Describe Lancelets
Marine suspension feeders that have characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
194
What is the name for invertebrate chordates?
Tunicates
195
Which is more closely related to other chordates, Tunicates or Lancelets?
Tunicates
196
When do tunicates most resemble chordates?
During their laravl stage
197
How long may a tunicate larval stage last?
Onl a few minutes
198
What form do tunicates take on after their larval stage
One of a sessil, marine suspension feeder
199
How do unicates eat as adults?
They filter food particles our of water which they draw in through an incurrent siphon
200
Fossils from the ... document the transition to craniates
Cambrian explosion 530 million years ago
201
What are the two most primitive craniate fossils?
Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia
202
What distinct characteristics do craniates possess.
a skull,
| brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
203
What did the presence of a head allow chordates to begin to do
Hunt (active predation)
204
In aquatic craniates the pharyngeal clefts evolved into ...
Gill slits
205
Craniates have a heart with ..., red blood cells with ... and ...
At least two chambers
With hemoglobin
Kidneys
206
What group is the least dervived survining craniate lineage?
Myxini (hagfish)
207
What are characteristics of hagfish?
Hagfishes have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod
of cartilage derived from the notochord, but lack
jaws and vertebrae
208
During wht peiod did craniates evolve into vertebrates
Cambrian period (approx. 525 mya0
209
What are three dervived characteristics of vertebrates?
Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
An elaborate skull
Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
210
Approximately how many species of vertebrates are there?
52,000
211
What organism represents the oldest living lineage of vertebrates?
Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
212
Describe lampreys
Jawless vertebrates
Live in marine and freshwater habitats
Have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and some of the nerve chord
Oral disk
213
What are Gnathostomes?
Jawed vertebrates
214
What percentage of vertebrates are Gnathostomes?
99%
215
What are two groups that are also Gnathostomes?
Placoderms
| Chondrichthyans
216
What are 4 examples of chondricthyans?
Sharks
Skates
Rays
Chimeras
217
Describe a condrichthyan skeleton
They have a cartilaginous
skeleton that evolved
secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton
218
Condricthyans are ... carnivores
Mostly fast swimming
219
Are shark eggs fertalized externally or internally?
Internally
220
Oviparous
eggs hatch
| outside the mother’s body
221
Ovoviviparous
the embryo
develops within the uterus
and is nourished by the egg
yolk
222
Viviparous
```
the embryo
develops within the uterus
and is nourished through a
yolk sac placenta from the
mother’s blood
```
223
What group of gnathostomes do most vertebrates belong to?
Osteichthyes (boney fish)
224
What three groups are Osteichthyes?
Bony fish
Lobefish
Tetrapods
225
What group are we part of (general)
Jawed boney fish
226
What do nearly all living osteichthyans have?
A bony endoskeleton
227
What are aquatic osteichthyans informally called?
Fish
228
How do most fish "breathe"?
by drawing water over
| gills protected by an operculum
229
How do fish control their boyancy?
Air sac! (swim bladder)
230
What class are ray-finned fishes?
Class Actinopterygii
231
What do Actinopterygii use their fins for?
Maneuvering, defense, and other functions
232
What two features do Lobe-fins have?
Muscular pelvis
| Pectoral fins
233
What three lineages of lobe-fins survived?
coelacanths (Actinistia), lungfishes (Dipnoi),
| and tetrapods
234
What did some lobe-fins evolve?
Limbs and feet
235
What specific adaptations do tetrapods have? (2)
– Four limbs, and feet
with digits
– Ears for detecting airborne sounds
236
How many species of the class Amphibia are there?
6,150
237
What does amphibian mean?
Both ways of life
238
Amphibian ... are aquatic and ... are terrestrial
Larva
| Adults
239
How are amphibian eggs fertalized and what do they require?
Externally
| Require moisture
240
What aids amphibians in gas exchange?
Moist skin
241
When did amphibians and amniotes split?
About 370 mya
242
Describe amniotes
A group of tetrapods, more tolerant of dry conditions
243
What organisms are amniotes?
Reptiles, such as birds and mammals
244
Define: Anapsid
No holes in skull
245
Define: Synapspid
One hole set in skull
246
Define: Diapsid
Two hole sets in skull
247
What 7 general groups are in the reptile clade?
```
Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Crocodilians
Birds
Dinosaurs
```
248
Two characteristics of reptiles
Scales that create a waterproof barrier
| Shelled eggs laid on land
249
The oldest reptilian fossil to date is
310 mya
250
What was the first major group of reptiles to emerge?
Parareptiles
251
Describe parareptiles
Large, stocky herbivores
252
As parareptiles were dwindling, ... were diversifying
Diapsids
253
What are the two main lineages of diapsids?
Lepidosaurs and archosaurs
254
What organisms are Lepidosaurs? (3)
Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
255
What organisms are archosaurs? (4)
Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Dinosaurs
Birds
256
Dinosaurs diversified into ... and were ...
Various shapes and sizes
| Fast- moving
257
What group was included in the dinosaurs?
Bipedal carnivores called theropods
258
What group are birds?
Archosaurs
259
What is the major adaptation of birds?
Wings with keratin faethers
260
Other adaptations of birds are: (4)
lack of a urinary bladder,
females with only one
ovary, small gonads, and
loss of teeth
261
How long ago did birds probably descend from theropdods?
150 mya`
262
What is Archaeopteryx
The oldest known bird from sediments that are 150 myo
263
How many species of mammals are there?
5,300
264
All mammals have: (4)
```
– Mammary glands, which produce
milk
– A relatively large brain
– Hair
– Differentiated teeth
```
265
What did mammas evolve from and in what period?
Synapsids in the late Triassic period
266
What three living lineages of mammals emerged by the early Cretaceous
Monotremes
Marsuprials
Eutherians
267
"Mammals underwent a significant
adaptive radiation until after the Cretaceous"
True or false?
False
| They did not
268
Describe monotremes
Small group of egg-laying mamals consisting of the platypus and echidnas
269
Describe marsupials
Mammals with develop in a placenta in a mothers uterus for a short time
270
Examples of marsupials (3)
Opossums
Kangaroos
Koalas
271
Where is embryonic development completed in marsupials?
In a maternal pouch, a marsupium
272
Another name for eutherians is ...
Placentals
273
Placentals have a ... pregnancy when compared to marsupials
Longer period of pregnancy
274
Where do eutherians complete their embryonic development?
In the uterus, joined to the mother by a placenta
