Chapter 3 – Kinetic Chain Function, Dysfunction and Corrective Exercise

Question 1

Form closure

Answer 1

The efficiency of the structural aspects of articulating segments; primarily consists of skeletal and connective
tissues.

Question 2

Force closure

Answer 2

The support of soft tissues which help maintain positional integrity of a joint.

Question 3

Kinetic chain

Answer 3

The chain of force transfer across motion segments of the body.

Question 4

Local muscle systems

Answer 4

Musculature essential for localized joint stability and neutral joint
positioning.

Question 5

Global muscle systems

Answer 5

Larger muscles responsible for motion and regional stability that tend to function in a phasic manner.

Question 6

Isometric contraction

Answer 6

A type of muscle contraction providing for no change in a joint angle; a static muscle contraction.

Question 7

Local stabilizer muscle role

Answer 7

increase muscle stiffness to control segmental movement.

Question 8

Local stabilizer muscle functions

Answer 8

control neutral joint position; contraction does not produce change in muscle length or movement.

Question 9

Local stabilizer muscle characteristics

Answer 9

fulfill proprioceptive functions; activity is independent of the direction of movement; activation is continuous in nature but reactive to offset forces.

Question 10

Global stabilizer muscle role

Answer 10

generate force to control

range of movement.

Question 11

Global stabilizer muscle functions

Answer 11

control the inner and outer ranges of movement; tend to contract eccentrically for low-load deceleration of momentum and for rotational control.

Question 12

Global stabilizer muscle characteristics

Answer 12

activity is direction dependent; activation is non-continuous.

Question 13

Global mobilizer muscle roles

Answer 13

generate torque to

produce movement.

Question 14

Global mobilizer muscle functions

Answer 14

produce joint movement, especially movements in the sagittal plane; tend to contract concentrically and absorb shock forces from impacts

Question 15

Global mobilizer muscle characteristics

Answer 15

activity is direction dependent; activation is non-continuous

Question 16

Emotion

Answer 16

A component of the integrated model of function which relates to the impact of psychological condition on movement efficiency.

Question 17

Sticking point

Answer 17

The specific joint angle where the resistance becomes harder to overcome due to inefficiency in stability during a given lift; usually occurs at a transitional point between working joints.

Question 18

Postural syndromes

Answer 18

Static or dynamic malalignment of one or more skeletal segments.

Question 19

Inner unit

Answer 19

Collective group of local spinal and pelvic stabilizers: includes the transverse abdominus, diaphragm, posterior internal oblique, pelvic floor, and multifidus.

Question 20

Functional-based activities

Answer 20

Activities aimed at improving the body’s ability to efficiently manage various aspects of daily living, including physical activity, without undue resistance.

Question 21

Winged scapulae

Answer 21

A lifted and outwardly-rotated

scapular position; the scapula appears to protrude posteriorly away from the ribcage.

Question 22

Upper cross syndrome

Answer 22

Upper body postural distortion that presents as a forward head, raised, internally-rotated, or rounded shoulders, and an exaggerated thoracic curvature.

Question 23

Kyphosis

Answer 23

Excessive convex curvature of the thoracic spine presenting as a bowed or rounded back.

Question 24

Lordosis

Answer 24

Excessive concavity or inward curvature of the lumbar spine.

Question 25

Lower cross syndrome

Answer 25

Lower body distortion characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis.

Question 26

Plumb line

Answer 26

Linear assessment tool used to evaluate posture and observe variations in anatomical positions.

Question 27

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 27

Describes neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns; reciprocal innervation provides a reduced resistance to opposing muscle contractions.

Question 28

Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome

Answer 28

Common overuse injury that causes inflammation of the IT band due to chronic friction against the femur and lateral aspect of the knee joint.

Question 29

Patellar tendonitis

Answer 29

Commonly referred to as “jumper’s knee”: an overuse injury to the patellar tendon with the accumulation of microtrauma due to repetitive jumping or rapid changes of direction.

Question 30

Prioritization model

Answer 30

Strategy which dictates that areas and issues of greatest need are addressed as a priority in the training program.

Question 31

Needs analysis

Answer 31

Inventory of adaptation requirements for an individual as determined by screening and evaluation protocols; includes the identification, organization, and prioritization of physiological needs.

Question 32

Fixed compensation

Answer 32

Chronic biomechanical compensation which cannot be alleviated with proper instruction or cueing.

Question 33

Corrective exercise

Answer 33

Activities aimed at restoring or improving joint function via neuromuscular and m

Question 34

Motor rehearsal

Answer 34

Repeated exposure to a movement pattern which enhances efficiency over time due to increased neuromuscular proficiency.

Question 35

Closed kinetic chain exercise

Answer 35

Exercise in which force is applied to a distally-fixed position or object.

Question 36

Open kinetic chain exercise

Answer 36

Exercise in which force is applied to a movable object.

Question 37

Time-under-tension

Answer 37

The total amount of time a given muscle experiences tension during structured exercise; maybe calculated in segments (sets) or in totality (bout).

Question 38

Asymmetrical loading

Answer 38

Loading is not symmetrical in the sagittal and frontal plane.