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Abnormal Psychology PSYCH303 > Chapter 3 in class notes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 in class notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Assessing psychological disorders (DOs)

  1. Clinical assessment
  2. Diagnosis
A
  1. Systematic evaluation
    - organized
    - structured
    - consistent across people and time
  2. Process of determining if someone meets DSM-5 criteria for a disorder.
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2
Q

Interrater reliability

[Key concepts in assessment]

A

2 different people give same person an assessment - should have same scores

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3
Q

Test-retest reliability

[Key concepts in assessment]

A

for evaluations or assessments - do not expect to change. Score should be relatively the same. (i.e. IQ shouldn’t change between 20 and 40 years old)

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4
Q

Validity - Q

[Key concepts in assessment]

A

is it measuring what it’s supposed to measure?

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5
Q

Concurrent validity

A

two measures measuring the same thing - will they measure the same?

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6
Q

Predictive validity

A

Depression scale and the client measures 24/30. Other people at 24/30 are suicidal - can I predict that the client is suicidal since they also measured 24/30?
Will you be comparable to others that also scored that?

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7
Q

Content validity

A

Based on experts. When I look at content of your measure - items - based on my experience it looks like this ___.

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8
Q

Standardization

A

norms and consistency

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9
Q

Clinical Interview Steps

A

1) Gather information (verbal)
2) Mental Health Exam
3) Semistructured clinical interviews

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10
Q

Gathering information

A

> Historical and current
Family and individual
Major events in life - divorce, having child, job changes (changing schools for kids)

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11
Q

Mental health exam

A

Systematic observation of a person (nonverbal)

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12
Q

Sensorium

A

Clinician uses senses to observe whats happening to client.
> smell - hygiene
> dress - is it weather appropriate? put together outfit/make sense? are buttons aligned? Dress with sweatpants under?
> Do they answer directly? How long does it take them to respond?

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13
Q

Semistructured clinical interviews

A
  • Partially structured

* Broad questions - allowing clinician’s discretion for follow up questions.

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14
Q

Physical exams

A

blood work, thyroid test (hypothyroid for a person will look like depression)

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15
Q

Behavioral assessments

A

direct observation more than verbal.

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16
Q

ABCs of observation

A

Antecedent - behavior - Consequence

Antecedent - trigger
Behavior - reinforced or punished?
Consequence of behavior

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17
Q

Self-monitoring

A

have clients see how often they engage in behavior.

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18
Q

Self monitoring reactivity

A

just by having someone track the behavior - the behavior will increase or decrease

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19
Q

Psychological Testing

A

Specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional or behavioral responses possibly associated with a specific disorder

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20
Q

Built into many psychological tests are ways to detect if

A

client is faking good or faking bad

> Fake good - self preservation, family put them into assessment
Fake bad - plea insanity, want medication, attention, disability

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21
Q

Projective Testing - based in

A

Freud psychodynamic - projecting into unconscious

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22
Q

Projective Testing

A

> Access unconscious
Controversial
Rorschach inkblot
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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23
Q

Rorschach Inkblot

A

10 inkblots presented and asked “what might this be?”

24
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A 
31 cards (don't administer all)
Use of ambiguous stimuli and people will project their own personalities, biases and unconscious fears and experiences onto the stimuli.

Presented a card - [i.e. a boy is sitting at a table looking at a violin that’s been placed in front of him] - tell therapist a story based on the picture - how much they project or put into the card.

25
Q

Personality Inventories

A

> Questions have face validity
Self-report inventories
Theory is less relevant, it’s based on empirical model

26
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

  • derived
  • how many items
  • how many items to detect validity
A
  • empirically derived
  • True or false to 567 items
  • 150-200
  • supposed to answer instinctively - no thinking
  • supposed to take 1.5 hours - 2 hours if not trying to hide anything. longer or shorter time = red flag
  • examine patterns of responses
27
Q

Intelligence Testing
> Who started and when
> Why did it start
> IQ stands for

A

> Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1904
World War 1 - to figure out who should be in front lines of battle (more disposable)
Intelligence Quotient

28
Q

Neuropsychological Testing

Method
Assessing

A

Non verbal testing
Assessing:
> expressive language
> Memory, attention and concentration
> Motor skills - walking a straight line slowly (balance)
> Perceptual ability - depth, distance between one object to next.
> Sounds - at what frequency not detected
> Learning ability

29
Q

Bender-Visual Gestalt Test

A

Picture embedded in another

30
Q

Strength of grip test

A

both hands same strength

31
Q

Neuroimaging and Psychophysiological Assessment

A

> Images of brain structure
Images of brain functioning
Psychophysical Assessment

32
Q

Images of brain structure

A

> CAT scan
MRI

Still pictures

33
Q

Images of brain functioning (activity)

A

> PET

> fMRI

34
Q

Psychophysical Assessment

A

EEG electroencephalogram

35
Q

Diagnosing

A

> Idiographic
Nomothetic
Classification Issues

36
Q

Idiographic

A

Unique data to individual

37
Q

Nomothetic

A

Normative/average data

38
Q

Classical (pure) categorical approach

A

Severely depressed and mildly depressed - SAME CATEGORY

39
Q

Dimensional approach [TEST]

A

How severe, not just Yes/no. Everyone has depression to a degree

40
Q

Prototypical approach [TEST]

A

Combination of Classical and Dimensional

First categorize and then rate. Cuts a person off (into the group or not) and if in the group, rates them.

41
Q

Diagnosing before 1980

Who is the “father of diagnosis?”

A

Emil Kraepelin

42
Q

Dementia precox

A

Emil Kraepelin’s name for schizophrenia

43
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

Discovered schizophrenia, ADHD, etc. Developed classification system

44
Q

World Health Organization (1940)

A

International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)

Currently on edition 10

Entire world uses ICD except for US.

45
Q

Diagnostics and Statistical Manual (DSM-I) released in

A

1952

46
Q

DSM created by

A

American Psychiatric Association – medical doctors mostly

47
Q

DSM-II release year

A

1960s

48
Q

DSM-III release year

A

1980

49
Q

DSM-III-R release year

A

1987

50
Q

DSM-III

Changes

A

> Radically changed from DSM-I and DSM-II
Atheoretical approach - didn’t give a theory of why a DO occurred to try decrease bias
Specifity and detail in diagnostic criteria
Multiaxial system

51
Q 
DSM-III multiaxial system
1
2
3
4
5
A

> Axis 1: come and go disorders (bipolar, depression and anxiety)
Axis 2: developmental (early childhood), pervasive (constant) i.e. Down’s Syndrome
Axis 3: general medical condition - heart attack complications
Axis 4: psychological - social support
Axis 5: global functioning

52
Q

DSM IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR
A) increased compatibility with
B) much more based on ___
C) increased recognition

A

A) ICD
B) clinical trials - research
C) of biopsychosocial causal factors - more integrative approach

53
Q

DSM-5
> Axis
> Ratings of disorders
> ____ Formation

A

> Eliminated Axis I, II, and III, combined into one diagnostic axis
Dimensional ratings of disorders - no one is completely depression-free
Cultural

54
Q

Criticisms of the DSM-5

A

> Fuzzy categories leading to comorbidity (maybe over diagnosing)
Overemphasis on reliability?
Re-packaging of the old may not be the best way to think about the nosology of disorders

55
Q

Nosology

A

The branch of medicine that deals with the classification of diseases

56
Q

Comorbidity

A

The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.

Abnormal Psychology PSYCH303 (23 decks)

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