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Abnormal Psychology PSYCH303 > Chapter 2 vocab/reading > Flashcards

Chapter 2 vocab/reading Flashcards

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1
Q

Multidimensional integrative approach

A

approach to the study of psychopathology that holds psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

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2
Q

genes

A

long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, the basic physical unit of heredity that appears as a location on a chromosome

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3
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

Hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder

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4
Q

vulnerability

A

susceptibility or tendency to develop a disorder

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5
Q

gene-environment correlation model

A

model that posits one’s genetic make-up may increase the probability that an individual with experience certain events (such as stressful relationships) that trigger genetic vulnerabilities to disorders)

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6
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

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7
Q

neuroscience

A

study of the nervous system & its role in behavior, thoughts & emotions

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8
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cell responsible for transmitting information

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9
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical that crosses the synaptic cleft between nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. Relative excess or deficiency of neurotransmitters is involved in several psychological disorders

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11
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands

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12
Q

brain circuts

A

neurotransmitter current or neural pathway in the brain

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13
Q

agonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects

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14
Q

antagonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

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15
Q

inverse agonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter

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16
Q

reuptake

A

action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft

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17
Q

glutamate

A

amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action

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18
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

NT that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behaviors & emotions, especially generalized anxiety.

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19
Q

serotonin

A

NT involved in processing of information and coordination of movement, as well as inhibition and restraint. It also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual & aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia

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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NT active in the central & peripheral nervous system (PNS) controlling heart rate, blood pressure and respiration among other functions. Because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction it may also contribute generally & indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders. Also known as noradrenaline

21
Q

dopamine

A

NT whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors (thus balancing serotonin). A relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia (although contradictory evidence suggests the connection is not simple), and its deficit is involved in Parkinson’s disease.

22
Q

cognitive science

A

Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire, process store & retrieve information

23
Q

learned helplessness theory of depression

A

Martin Selgman’s theory that people become anxious & depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control).

24
Q

modeling

A

learning through observation & imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences of that behavior

25
Q

prepared learning

A

ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others

26
Q

implicit memory

A

condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them.

27
Q

flight or fight response

A

biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body’s resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat

28
Q

emotion

A

pattern of action elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiological response

29
Q

mood

A

enduring period of emotionality

30
Q

affect

A

conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time.

31
Q

equifinality

A

Development psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several causes

32
Q

Blood-injection-injury phobia

A 
Behavioral influences 
Biological influences 
Emotional influences
Social influences
Developmental influences
33
Q

Vasovagal syncope

A

Common cause of fainting. Distress > lowering heart rate, blood pressure, blood doesn’t reach brain - faint

34
Q

Sinoaortic baroreflex

A

Compensated for sudden increase in blood pressure by lowering it

35
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls the muscles

36
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

includes the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

regulates the cardiovascular and endocrine systems and performs various other functions, including aiding digestion and regulating body temperature

37
Q

endocrine system

A

includes a number of glands, each of which produces its own chemical messenger; called a hormone and releases it directly into the bloodstream

38
Q

adrenal glands produce what hormone?

A

they produce epinephrine (also called adrenaline)

39
Q

the thyroid produces what hormone?

A

thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth

in addition to salt-regulating hormones

40
Q

the pituitary gland produces what hormone?

A

master gland that produces a variety of regulatory hormones

41
Q

gonadal glands produce

A

sex hormones - estrogen and testosterone

42
Q

endocrine system is closely related to what system?

A

immune system

43
Q

endocrine system is implicated in a variety of disorders such as

A

depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and other disorders.

Some studies have found, for example, that depressed patients may respond better to an antidepressant med if it is administered in combination with a thyroid hormone

44
Q

psychoneuroendocrinology

A

study of endocrine system and and how it relates to disorders

45
Q

sympathetic nervous system

responsibilities

3 changes

A

primarily responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by rapidly activating the organs and glands under its control.

heart beats faster, respiration increases, adrenal glands are stimulated – all 3 changes help mobilize us for action

46
Q

parasympathetic system responsibilites

A

to balance the sympathetic system

takes over after the sympathetic nervous system has been active for awhile, normalizing our arousal and facilitating the storage of energy by helping the digestive process

47
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

48
Q

HPA axis functions

A
  1. hypothalamus connects to pituitary gland (which is the master or coordinator of the endocrine system)
  2. the pituitary gland in turn may stimulate the cortical part of the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys (adrenaline)
  3. surges of epinephrine energize us, arouse us, and get our bodies ready for threat or challenge. The cortical part of the adrenal glands also produces the stress hormone cortisol.

Abnormal Psychology PSYCH303 (23 decks)

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