Chapter 13 in class notes Flashcards
What is the prevalence of adhd
5%
Adhd normally diagnosed?
When is onset?
5-6 years old.
Before she 3-4
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Conditions manifesting early in development.
Adhd Specific learning DO Autism spectrum Intellectual disability Communication & motor DOs
Adhd is ____ more likely to be diagnosed in males vs females why?
2-3x more likely.
Males present differently than females - hyperactive
Cultural factors of ADHD
US diagnoses more than everywhere else. Agricultural based countries - significantly less ADHD.
Subtypes of adhd
1) predominantly inattentive presentation (mostly girls)
2) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (mostly boys)
3) combined presentation - inattentive and hyperactive (either girls and boys)
Causes of ADHD
- G_
- N_
- N_
- P_
- Genetic
- Neurobiological correlates of ADHD (frontal lobe decrease, temporal lobe-balance impairment, hippocampus - memory of consequence) toxins - smoking increases likelihood
- Neurotransmitters (low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine)
- Psychosocial factors (abuse and neglect, lower education)
neurobiological correlates of ADHD
frontal lobe decrease (executive planning, impulse control)
temporal lobe (balance impairment)
hippocampus (memory of consequence)
toxins (smoking increases likelihood)
what are some neurotransmitter correlates of ADHD?
low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
What is the role of toxins in ADHD?
toxins increase likelihood of ADHD.
smoking no genetics - 1%
smoking plus genetics - 3%
Psychosocial factors of ADHD
higher risk if:
abuse and neglect
lower education
higher socioeconomic status
What’s the goal of biological treatment of ADHD?
Increase activity in frontal lobe. Stimulant medication
Ritalin
Dexedrine
Adderall - less effective, used if no response w/ ritalin. long time in body
What are secondary sexual characteristics of ADHD?
As a teenager person still looks like a young child. Decreases appetite. Deregulates hormones.
ADHD - cure?
no cure, just treatments.
medication increases insomnia
anxiety due to stimulant
What is ADHD HI subtype?
Hyperactive Impulsive
Specific learning DO disability
A) Needs to endure for ___ months - why?
A) 6+ months to rule out change in home
Subtypes of specific learning disability
A) with impairment in R____
B) with impairment in W___
C) with impairment in m___
A) reading
B) Written expression
C) mathematics (number sense - 8 is less than 9)
Aphasia
can recognize word but can’t say it. Can define it though.
Dysphasia
get part of the word but not the whole
for specific learning disability, what does impairment in reading look like?
- deficit in rate or fluency - rate of reading
- poor reading comprehension
- aphasia (can recognize word but can’t say it) or dysphasia (get part of word but not whole)
for specific learning disability, what does impairment in written expression look like?
- visual motor deficit
- spelling or grammar errors (they could say sentence but when asked to write they mess it up)
- poor clarity
for specific learning disability, what does impairment in mathematics look like?
Difficulty with:
- number sense - 8 is less than 9
- memorization of arithmetic facts - use of calculator a problem - basic addition and subtraction
- accurate or fluent calculation
- accurate math reasoning
What is the prevalence of learning disorders?
about 6 million people
negative school experience - low self esteem, anxiety
Statistics of learning disorders
A) Wealthier vs lower socioeconomic regions
B) reading difficulties - % of population
C) causes and treatment
D) psychosocial contributions
E) requires ____
A) higher rates in wealthier areas - due to more testing
B) 4-10% of population
C) Genetic & neuro biological contribution. Runs in families
D) home environment - parent-child reading. how much screentime. math importance
E) intense educational interventions. remediation early on before compounding of issues.
Autism Spectrum DO
A) Problems occur in ___, ___, and ____
B) Two main areas of impairment: ____ and ____
A) language, socialization and cognition
B) [communication and social interaction] and [restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities]
Echolalia
communication - echo your words, no purpose
Autism Spectrum: Describe communication and social interaction impairment
- Autism (social interaction deficit impairment)
- Echolalia (communication)
- 25% do not acquire effective speech (can’t communicate well)
Autism Spectrum: Describe restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities
- self-stimulating behaviors: no trigger (rocking, head banging, drop/pick up)
- high consistency in activities (high level of structure. Eat noon. Bed at 7)
ASD includes the following A) A B) A\_\_ C) C_ D) R_ E) I_
A) Autism B) Asperger's C) Childhood disintegrative DO D) Rett syndrome E) Intellectual disabilities
ASD and Asperger’s similarities
- little eye contact
- little response to others as a baby
- rarely initiate sharing of enjoyment
- unusual and sometimes inappropriate response to others’ emotions
ASD differences from Aspergers:
- often low to midrange IQ
- physical development delays
- mental developmental delays
Asperger’s syndrome differences from ASD:
- usually mid to very high range IQ
- rarely have physical developmental delays
- rarely have mental developmental delays
Rett's syndrome A) What is it? B) one in \_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ girls C) loss of \_\_\_ D) shrinking in \_\_\_ E) cognitively \_\_\_\_
A) motor skills deficit primarily in girls
B) 10K to 15K
C) purposeful hand movements, develop of hand movements wringing, clasping hand.
D) behavioral variety - default behavior
E) cognitively NOT compromised
Rett's syndrome A) loss of \_\_\_, \_\_, \_\_\_, B) life expectancy C) They are (aware or not aware) of what's happening to them D) often struggle with \_\_\_\_ disorder
A) speech, balance/coordination, 40% or more lose all ambulatory activity
B) 50-60 years
C) aware
D) anxiety
Childhood disintegrative disorder
A) prevalence
B) live to ___ years old
C) describe what happens
A) 1.7 per 100,000
B) live to 60 years old
C) period of normal development before onset of deterioration and loss of skills
Childhood disintegrative disorder
D) typical age of onset
E) deterioration of ___
F) ____ and ____ skills still intact
D) 3-4 years
E) deterioration in self help and motor skills often marked
F) cognitive and social skills still intact
ASD Biological correlates (not causes) A) Genetic B) parents C) Neurobiological influences - A\_\_\_ larger and \_\_\_ - O\_\_\_ - lower levels than \_\_\_
A) 1 child with ASD = 20% risk for 2nd child. (100x greater than gen population)
B) older parents’ kids. above 50 years old parents (especially women)
C) Amygdala larger and damaged
D) Oxytocin lower levels than average. socially withdrawn. bonding and social memory.
Treatment of ASD
A) ___ ____ is critical
B) Psychosocial treatments - cognitive treatments _____
C) Behavioral approaches
A) early intervention (highest marker for prognosis)
B) are not effective
C) need to do things to learn things. be very specific.
Intellectual disability disorder (IDD) A) Used to be called \_\_\_\_ B) Can be \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ C) IQ typically below \_\_\_\_ D) What could look like this DO?
A) mental retardation
B) standalone or accompany another (i.e. autism)
C) 70-75
D) Major depression
IDD - difficulties in 3 domains
A) C_
B) S_
C) P_
A) Conceptual - typical IQ. basic knowledge. ability to read, working memory
B) Social - ability to form relationships, understand social cues, social norms
C) Practical - normal daily living activities, money - how to use, purpose. Hygiene. street smarts
IDD prevalence
about 2%
[exam] IDD can be ___ or ___
standalone or accompany another (i.e. autism)
