Chapter 1 in class notes

Question 1

normal

Answer 1

• typical for the social context
• not distressing to the individual
• not interfering with social life or work/school
• not dangerous

Question 2

socially-established division

Answer 2

• somewhat unusual
• distressing to individual
• interfering with social or occupational functioning
• dangerous

Question 3

abnormal

Answer 3

• highly unusual
• significant individual distress
• significantly interfering with social or occupational functioning
• highly dangerous to the individual or others

Question 4

What is a Psychological Disorder?

Answer 4

• Psychological dysfunction
  
  • abnormal cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
• impairment or personal distress
  
  • problems with job, relationships, daily routine
• atypical or not culturally expected

Question 5

Four Ds of abnormality

Answer 5

1. Dysfunction
2. Distress
3. Deviance
4. Dangerousness

Question 6

Norms

Answer 6

• Cultural & gender norms
  
  • Religious beliefs
  • societal expectations
• Cultural relativism
  
  • things diagnosed in this culture that wouldn’t be diagnosed in others
    
    • hearing voices in Africa - Shaman

Question 7

Historical perspectives on abnormality

Answer 7

• Supernatural
• Biological
• Psychological

Question 8

Supernatural Theories

Answer 8

Good vs Evil (abnormal)

• If you’re good you are sane. If you are evil, you have disorders caused by:
  
  • Demonic posession
  • Witchcraft
  • Personal sin

Question 9

Supernatural theory treatments

Answer 9

Exorcism

Torture

Trephination (circular holes in head/skull to release demon)

Question 10

Ancient Theories

Answer 10

• Prehistoric Times
  
  • Exorcism
  • Trephination
• Ancient China
  
  • Balancing Yin & Yang
  • Emotions controlled by internal organs
• Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome
  
  • Biological
  • Hysteria
  • Imbalances in the body’s essential ____?

Question 11

Biological Tradition

Answer 11

• Hippocrates: Abnormal behavior as a physical disease
  
  • Hysteria “the wandering uterus”
    
    • If men had a psychological disorder -it’s because their women had wandering uterus
• Galenic-Hippocratic tradition
  
  • Humoral theory of disorders
  • Blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

Question 12

The 19th Century - Discovery

Answer 12

• Link between syphilis and “madness” (sections of the brain die off in syphilis)
• Bacterial microorganism
• Penicillin discovered

Question 13

The reformers

Answer 13

John P. Grey & the reformers. Reformed hospitals

Question 14

Early biological treatments

Answer 14

• Electric shock
• Crude surgery
• Insulin
• Major tranquilizers
• Minor tranquilizers
• Lobotomy - affecting frontal lobe executive functioning
• Consequence: mental illness = physical illness

Question 15

The Psychological Tradition

Answer 15

• Emil Kraepelin
• Moral Therapy
• Proponents of Moral Therapy
  
  • Philippe Pinel & Jean Baptiste Pussin
  • Benjamin Rush
  • Dorthea Dix

Question 16

Asylum reform led to…

Answer 16

…deinstitutionalization - massive shut down of tons of asylums. Resulting in homelessness for many.

Question 17

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

Answer 17

• Explain development & personality
• Unconscious
• Catharsis - supressing emotion

Question 18

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

Structure of the Mind

each part is driven by ____

Answer 18

Id (pleasure principle)

Ego (reality principle)

Superego (moral principle)

Question 19

Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 19

• Self psychology (Anna Freud)
• Object relations theory
• “Neo-freudians”

Question 20

Self psychology:

1. Developed by
2. Description

Answer 20

1. Anna Freud
2. Not that develop the id, ego, superego separately - but that we have to develop a comprehensive sense of self, emeshed together.

Question 21

Object relations theory

• Description
• Developed by

Answer 21

• We all have representations in our brain. Degree to reality matching the representations determines psychopathology.
  
  • Ex: caregiver expectations vs reality. Professor expectations vs reality
• Developed by Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg

Question 22

Neo Freudians

Answer 22

De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory.

Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm and Erickson

Question 23

The Behavioral Model

Answer 23

• Scientific approach to the study of psychopathology
• Classical conditioning (pavlov, watson)
• Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Question 24

Operant conditioning

Answer 24

• Reinforcements
  
  • Positive Reinforcement
  • Negative Reinforcement
• Punishments
  
  • Positive Punishment
  • Negative Punishment
• Shaping behavior

Question 25

Shaping definition

Answer 25

Successively reinforcing behaviors that approximate the target behavior

Question 26

Cognitive approach (Beck)

Answer 26

• Cognitions
• Self-efficacy beliefs
  
  • High: want to socialize
  • Low: social anxiety
• Experiences are neutral - how we interpret determines psychopathy

Question 27

Emotions Regulation and Mindfulness Models

Answer 27

• Balancing between the Reasonable mind and the Emotion Mind

Focuses on:

• Emotional awareness
• Emotion labeling
• Emotion regulating
• Emotion acceptance
• Mindfulness gives you time. Time gives you choices. Choices, skillfully made, lead to freedom.

Question 28

Integrative Approach

Summary

Answer 28

• Must consider reciprocal relations among:
  
  • Biological, psychological, social and experiental factors
• Defining abnormal behavior
  
  • Complex multifaceted & has evolved
• Science of psychopathy is evolving
  
  • The supernatural tradition no longer has a place in a science of abnormal behavior
  • Ongoing research informs our understanding.