Chapter 1 in class notes Flashcards
normal
- typical for the social context
- not distressing to the individual
- not interfering with social life or work/school
- not dangerous
socially-established division
- somewhat unusual
- distressing to individual
- interfering with social or occupational functioning
- dangerous
abnormal
- highly unusual
- significant individual distress
- significantly interfering with social or occupational functioning
- highly dangerous to the individual or others
What is a Psychological Disorder?
- Psychological dysfunction
- abnormal cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
- impairment or personal distress
- problems with job, relationships, daily routine
- atypical or not culturally expected
Four Ds of abnormality
- Dysfunction
- Distress
- Deviance
- Dangerousness
Norms
- Cultural & gender norms
- Religious beliefs
- societal expectations
- Cultural relativism
- things diagnosed in this culture that wouldn’t be diagnosed in others
- hearing voices in Africa - Shaman
- things diagnosed in this culture that wouldn’t be diagnosed in others
Historical perspectives on abnormality
- Supernatural
- Biological
- Psychological
Supernatural Theories
Good vs Evil (abnormal)
- If you’re good you are sane. If you are evil, you have disorders caused by:
- Demonic posession
- Witchcraft
- Personal sin
Supernatural theory treatments
Exorcism
Torture
Trephination (circular holes in head/skull to release demon)
Ancient Theories
- Prehistoric Times
- Exorcism
- Trephination
- Ancient China
- Balancing Yin & Yang
- Emotions controlled by internal organs
- Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome
- Biological
- Hysteria
- Imbalances in the body’s essential ____?
Biological Tradition
- Hippocrates: Abnormal behavior as a physical disease
- Hysteria “the wandering uterus”
- If men had a psychological disorder -it’s because their women had wandering uterus
- Hysteria “the wandering uterus”
- Galenic-Hippocratic tradition
- Humoral theory of disorders
- Blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
The 19th Century - Discovery
- Link between syphilis and “madness” (sections of the brain die off in syphilis)
- Bacterial microorganism
- Penicillin discovered
The reformers
John P. Grey & the reformers. Reformed hospitals
Early biological treatments
- Electric shock
- Crude surgery
- Insulin
- Major tranquilizers
- Minor tranquilizers
- Lobotomy - affecting frontal lobe executive functioning
- Consequence: mental illness = physical illness
The Psychological Tradition
- Emil Kraepelin
- Moral Therapy
- Proponents of Moral Therapy
- Philippe Pinel & Jean Baptiste Pussin
- Benjamin Rush
- Dorthea Dix
Asylum reform led to…
…deinstitutionalization - massive shut down of tons of asylums. Resulting in homelessness for many.
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
- Explain development & personality
- Unconscious
- Catharsis - supressing emotion
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
Structure of the Mind
each part is driven by ____
Id (pleasure principle)
Ego (reality principle)
Superego (moral principle)
Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory
- Self psychology (Anna Freud)
- Object relations theory
- “Neo-freudians”
Self psychology:
- Developed by
- Description
- Anna Freud
- Not that develop the id, ego, superego separately - but that we have to develop a comprehensive sense of self, emeshed together.
Object relations theory
- Description
- Developed by
- We all have representations in our brain. Degree to reality matching the representations determines psychopathology.
- Ex: caregiver expectations vs reality. Professor expectations vs reality
- Developed by Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg
Neo Freudians
De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory.
Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm and Erickson
The Behavioral Model
- Scientific approach to the study of psychopathology
- Classical conditioning (pavlov, watson)
- Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Operant conditioning
- Reinforcements
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Punishments
- Positive Punishment
- Negative Punishment
- Shaping behavior
Shaping definition
Successively reinforcing behaviors that approximate the target behavior
Cognitive approach (Beck)
- Cognitions
- Self-efficacy beliefs
- High: want to socialize
- Low: social anxiety
- Experiences are neutral - how we interpret determines psychopathy
Emotions Regulation and Mindfulness Models
- Balancing between the Reasonable mind and the Emotion Mind
Focuses on:
- Emotional awareness
- Emotion labeling
- Emotion regulating
- Emotion acceptance
- Mindfulness gives you time. Time gives you choices. Choices, skillfully made, lead to freedom.
Integrative Approach
Summary
- Must consider reciprocal relations among:
- Biological, psychological, social and experiental factors
- Defining abnormal behavior
- Complex multifaceted & has evolved
- Science of psychopathy is evolving
- The supernatural tradition no longer has a place in a science of abnormal behavior
- Ongoing research informs our understanding.
