Chapter 13 vocab/reading

Question 1

neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 1

a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

Question 2

Tourette’s disorder

Answer 2

developmental disorder featuring multiple dysfunctional motor and vocal tics

Question 3

ADHD

Answer 3

developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity and impulsiveness

Question 4

copy number variants

Answer 4

mutations that either create extra copies of a gene on one chromosome or result in the deletion of genes

Question 5

specific learning disorder

Answer 5

academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education

Question 6

childhood-onset speech fluency disorder (stuttering)

Answer 6

disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations)

Question 7

language disorder

Answer 7

persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language due to deficits in comprehension or production

Question 8

Rett syndrome

Answer 8

progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills

Question 9

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 9

persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Question 10

childhood disintegrative disorder

Answer 10

pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior and motor skills after a 2- to 4- year period of normal development

Question 11

pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

Answer 11

wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18

Question 12

joint attention

Answer 12

the ability to share a common focus on something (people, objects, a concept) with someone else

Question 13

prosody

Answer 13

patterns of stress and intonation in spoken language

Question 14

naturalistic teaching strategies

Answer 14

use of child-directed activities in typical settings (e.g. home, community)

Question 15

intellectual disability (ID)

Answer 15

a diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life. significantly subaverage intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as self-care or occupational activities, appearing before age 18

Question 16

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 16

recessive gene disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems. PKU can be detected by infant screening and prevented by a specialized diet

Question 17

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Answer 17

X-linked gene disorder characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy, and self-injurious behavior

Question 18

Down syndrome (define)
Also known as...

Answer 18

type of intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration (chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. Also known as trisomy 21

Question 19

amniocentesis

Answer 19

prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (i.e. Down’s syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother.

Question 20

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 20

a genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chorionic villi) and assesses possible genetic or chromosomal problems in the villus

Question 21

fragile X syndrome

Answer 21

pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics

Question 22

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Answer 22

mild form of intellectual disability that may be caused largely by environmental factors

Question 23

delirium

Answer 23

rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language

Question 24

major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

Answer 24

gradual-onset deterioration of brain functioning, involving memory loss, inability to recognize objects or faces and problems in planning and abstract reasoning. These are associated with frustration and discouragement.

Question 25

mild neurocognitive disorder

Answer 25

evidence of modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains

Question 26

agnosia

Answer 26

inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders

Question 27

facial agnosia

Answer 27

type of agnosia characterized by a person’s inability to recognize even familiar faces

Question 28

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

disease of the cerebral cortex that causes an atypical form of senile dementia, discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer

Question 29

neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 29

evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of Alzheimer’s disease

Question 30

vascular neurocognitive disorder

Answer 30

progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms

Question 31

head trauma

Answer 31

injury to the head and therefore to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss

Question 32

frontotemporal neurocognitive DO

Answer 32

evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains due to damage in the frontotemporal region of the brain

Question 33

Pick’s disease

Answer 33

rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia

Question 34

traumatic brain injury

Answer 34

damage to the brain as the result of an impact to the head or other mechanisms of rapid movement or displacement of the brain within the skull

Question 35

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

Answer 35

evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of a traumatic brain injury

Question 36

neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease

Answer 36

evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of Lewy body disease

Question 37

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 37

Degenerative brain disorder principally affecting motor performance (for example, tremors and stooped posture) associated with reduction in dopamine. Dementia may be a result as well.

Question 38

aphasia

Answer 38

impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer’s disease or other illness or trauma

Question 39

Huntington’s disease

Answer 39

genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to dementia

Question 40

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Answer 40

extremely rare condition that causes dementia.

Question 41

deterministic

Answer 41

in genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated DO. These are rare in the population

Question 42

susceptibility

Answer 42

in genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the population

Question 43

Discrimination training

Answer 43

Reinforcing a child with food and praise for making any sound while watching the teacher. After child mastered that step, they reinforced the child only if she made a sound after the teacher made a request - such as the phrase “say ‘ball’”