Chapter 13 vocab/reading Flashcards
neurodevelopmental disorders
a group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
Tourette’s disorder
developmental disorder featuring multiple dysfunctional motor and vocal tics
ADHD
developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity and impulsiveness
copy number variants
mutations that either create extra copies of a gene on one chromosome or result in the deletion of genes
specific learning disorder
academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education
childhood-onset speech fluency disorder (stuttering)
disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations)
language disorder
persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language due to deficits in comprehension or production
Rett syndrome
progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
childhood disintegrative disorder
pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior and motor skills after a 2- to 4- year period of normal development
pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18
joint attention
the ability to share a common focus on something (people, objects, a concept) with someone else
prosody
patterns of stress and intonation in spoken language
naturalistic teaching strategies
use of child-directed activities in typical settings (e.g. home, community)
intellectual disability (ID)
a diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life. significantly subaverage intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as self-care or occupational activities, appearing before age 18
phenylketonuria (PKU)
recessive gene disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems. PKU can be detected by infant screening and prevented by a specialized diet
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
X-linked gene disorder characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy, and self-injurious behavior
Down syndrome (define) Also known as...
type of intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration (chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. Also known as trisomy 21
amniocentesis
prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (i.e. Down’s syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
a genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chorionic villi) and assesses possible genetic or chromosomal problems in the villus
fragile X syndrome
pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics
cultural-familial intellectual disability
mild form of intellectual disability that may be caused largely by environmental factors
delirium
rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language
major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)
gradual-onset deterioration of brain functioning, involving memory loss, inability to recognize objects or faces and problems in planning and abstract reasoning. These are associated with frustration and discouragement.
mild neurocognitive disorder
evidence of modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains
agnosia
inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders
facial agnosia
type of agnosia characterized by a person’s inability to recognize even familiar faces
Alzheimer’s disease
disease of the cerebral cortex that causes an atypical form of senile dementia, discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer
neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease
evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of Alzheimer’s disease
vascular neurocognitive disorder
progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms
head trauma
injury to the head and therefore to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss
frontotemporal neurocognitive DO
evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains due to damage in the frontotemporal region of the brain
Pick’s disease
rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia
traumatic brain injury
damage to the brain as the result of an impact to the head or other mechanisms of rapid movement or displacement of the brain within the skull
neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of a traumatic brain injury
neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease
evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains as the result of Lewy body disease
Parkinson’s disease
Degenerative brain disorder principally affecting motor performance (for example, tremors and stooped posture) associated with reduction in dopamine. Dementia may be a result as well.
aphasia
impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer’s disease or other illness or trauma
Huntington’s disease
genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
extremely rare condition that causes dementia.
deterministic
in genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated DO. These are rare in the population
susceptibility
in genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the population
Discrimination training
Reinforcing a child with food and praise for making any sound while watching the teacher. After child mastered that step, they reinforced the child only if she made a sound after the teacher made a request - such as the phrase “say ‘ball’”
