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AP 1 > Chapter 3 Cell Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cell Function Flashcards

1
Q

Protein synthesis consists of?

A

transcription and translation

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2
Q

Copying the DNA sequence into mRNA is known as what?

A

Transcription

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3
Q

What is the template for mRNA synthesis?

A

The sense strand

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4
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

through nuclear pores

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5
Q

What is translation?

A

translating the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids forming a protein.

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6
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

where you find ribosomes: free in the cytosol and upon the outer surface of rough ER

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7
Q

What macromolecule facilitates translation of mRNA into a polypeptide?

A

Transfer RNA or tRNA

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8
Q

What is a codon?

A

the amino acid possessed by each tRNA that’s for a specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that are read together.

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

How many amino acids coded for by the codons?

A

20

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11
Q

How are amino acids on adjacent tRNA joined together?

A

Peptide bonds

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12
Q

Which cells possess a complete set of chromosomes?

A

All cells with a nucleus

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13
Q

What is a sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome coding for a particular protein known as?

A

a gene

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14
Q

Two copies of a gene that come from father and mother are known as?

A

Alleles

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15
Q

a mutant or alternate allele codes for what?

A

A faulty protein or no protein at all.

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16
Q

If two alleles are the same they are what?

A

Homozygous

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17
Q

If two alleles are different they are what?

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

What is a recessive disorder?

A

A disorder where you need two mutant or faulty forms of the allele (homozygous) to exhibit the disorder.

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19
Q

When is a person known as a carrier?

A

They have one mutant copy and one normal copy of the gene, but don’t have the disease since the normal copy serves the function adequately.

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20
Q

What is a dominant disorder?

A

One where only one faulty allele (heterozygous) is needed to cause the disorder.

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21
Q

What is an autosomal genetic disorder?

A

A disorder caused by a faulty gene in an autosome

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22
Q

What are autosomes?

A

22 of the pairs of chromosomes are autosomes

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23
Q

What happens when a mutant allele is associated with the X-chromosome?

A

A sex-linked disorder occurs

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24
Q

Why do males have a greater chance of inheriting a sex linked disorder?

A

Males have only one X chromosome

25
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

enzymes
cell structure
membrane transport
antibodies
hormones

26
Q

Why do alternate of mutant alleles cause disorders?

A

enzymes that don’t work
faulty cell structures
faulty membrane proteins

27
Q

True or false - all alternate alleles lead to fatal disorders

A

False

28
Q

Eye color, hair colour, ABO blood type are examples of what?

A

Random mutations in alleles.

29
Q

Alternate alleles can be beneficial how?

A

Natural selection where organisms with favourable variations win the struggle for survival.

30
Q

What is cell division?

A

Production of new cells from pre-existing cells.

31
Q

What controls cell division?

A

Cycle control enzymes which, when activated, permit the duplication of nuclear DNA.

32
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs (46 total)

33
Q

What is cell division useful for?

A

growth
repair or replacement

34
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

35
Q

What has to happen before a cell can divide?

A

It must replicate the genetic material so that each daughter cell receives identical copies of all genes.

36
Q

What is DNA packaged as during cell division?

A

Chromosomes

37
Q

DNA appears in what shape?

A

A spiraling double helix

38
Q

What are the two types of cell division in human cells?

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

39
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

in somatic cells (most body cells)

40
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

in sex cells (cells in ovaries and testes destined to become eggs and sperm)

41
Q

How may chromosomes does a cell have for meiosis?

A

23 total

42
Q

What do sex chromosomes determine?

A

the sex and the type of gametes they will produce.

43
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of females?

A

XX

44
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of males?

A

XY

45
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which glucose is broken down in order to harvest energy to do work in the cell

46
Q

What is a by-product of cellular respiration?

A

Heat

47
Q

What is the opposite reaction to cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis

48
Q

What is the first step of the process of cellular respiration called? (breakdown of glycose)

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

50
Q

What does glycolysis yield?

A

2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid per glucose.

51
Q

The mitochondria convert the pyruvic acid from glycolysis into what?

A

34 ATP

52
Q

ATP is produced by catabolic or anabolic reactions?

A

catabolic

53
Q

ATP is consumed in what type of reactions?

A

anabolic

54
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis in the cytoplasm, yield 2 pyruvic acid.
  2. 2 pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain (ETC)
55
Q

How many ATP are produced for every one molecule of glucose consumed in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP

56
Q

What are the 2 stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

a. glycolysis in the cytoplasm (yielding 2 pyruvic acid)
b. pyruvic acid fermentation into lactic acid.

57
Q

Brain and heart muscle and tissue can only use what type of cellular respiration?

A

aerobic cellular respiration

58
Q

Cells other than than heart and muscle can use what type of cellular respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration

59
Q
A

AP 1 (11 decks)

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