Building Blocks (Quiz 4) Flashcards
What are examples of carbohydrates?
sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose
What are carbohydrates composed of?
hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Usually in a 2:1:1 ratio.
The monomers of sugars are called what?
monosaccharides
What are the three main monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose,
Lactose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?
glucose and galactose
Sucrose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
Maltose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?
glucose and glucose
What are large carbohydrate polymers called?
polysaccharides
How are polysaccharides formed?
dehydration synthesis
What are the storage forms of polysaccharides?
starch (plants), glycogen (animals), or cellulose (plant cell wall AKA fiber)
In what form do humans store carbohydrates?
glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
The liver or skeletal muscles.
What monosaccharide is found in blood plasma?
Glucose
Lipids contain what elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
What are examples of lipids
triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids (membranes), steroids and cholesterol (found in rings), eicosanoids (hormones), fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), lipoproteins
Triglycerides are composed of what monomers?
glycerol (1) and fatty acids (3)
How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide compared to 1 gram of carbohydrate?
9 Kcal/gram for fat and 4 Kcal/gram for carbohydrate
How are excess carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils stored?
As triglycerides in fatty tissue.
What are diets high in saturated fats thought to contribute to?
Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis)
Unsaturated refers to what?
incomplete saturation of carbons with hydrogen.
What does amphipathic mean?
a phospholipid with a polar and a non-polar end.
What are two common lipoproteins
LDL (low density lipoproteins) and HDL (high density lipoproteins)
What elements are in proteins?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
What are the functions of proteins?
structural support, regulatory (hormones and neurotransmitters), contractile (myofilaments), immunological, transport, catalytic
the monomers of protein are called what?
Amino acids
An amino acid consists of what?
amino group containing nitrogen, carboxyl group, variable side chain which differs between amino acids.
amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis form what kind of bond?
peptide bond
2 amino acids joined is a
dipeptide
How are peptide bonds broken?
Hydrolysis
11 or more amino acids joined form what?
Polypeptide
What is the function of a protein usually based on?
Its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules.
Enzymes have which suffix?
-ase
Nucleic acids contain what elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
What are the 2 types of nucleic acid polymers?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleotides contain what 3 parts?
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
