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AP 1 > Bone Physiology Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

compact or spongy

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2
Q

What type of bone forms the external layer of all bones and the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones?

A

compact bone

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3
Q

What type of bone resists loading stresses?

A

compact bone

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4
Q

What are the basic structural unit of compact bone?

A

osteons

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5
Q

What are lacunae?

A

small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

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6
Q

What are lamellae?

A

rings of hard calcified matrix found around the central canals.

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7
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

tiny canals which radiate in all directions from the lacunae.

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8
Q

What connects the lacunae together and to the central canals?

A

canaliculi

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9
Q

What encircle the cortical region beneath the periosteum and encircle the medullary cavity?

A

circumferential lamellae

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10
Q

True or false: spongy bone contains osteons

A

False

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11
Q

What is the irregular framework of lamellae in spongy bone called?

A

trabeculae

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12
Q

What is contained in the space between the trabeculae?

A

red bone marrow

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13
Q

Where are the lacunae in spongy bone?

A

within the trabeculae

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14
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during growth and remodeling

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15
Q

Where are interstitial lamellae found?

A

in between osteons

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16
Q

Spongy bone makes up most of the bone tissue in what type of bones?

A

short, flat and irregular bones

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17
Q

Where does the nutrient artery enter the bone shaft?

A

through the nutrient foramen

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18
Q

Where do nutrient veins exit the bone?

A

with their accompanying artery

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19
Q

What part of bone is particularly rich in sensory nerves?

A

the periosteum

20
Q

What is bone formation called?

A

Ossification

21
Q

What are the 2 ways bones grow?

A

length and width

22
Q

How do bones grow longer?

A

interstitial growth which occurs by endochondral ossification

23
Q

Where do bones grow longer?

A

the cartilaginous regions of long bones

24
Q

What permits growth of the the diaphysis of long bones?

A

the epiphyseal growth plate

25
Q

How do bones grow in width?

A

appositional growth. The bone grows in thickness by laying down new osteons beneath the periosteum.

26
Q

What hormones contribute to bone growth?

A

growth hormone
estrogen
testosterone

27
Q

What are the 2 components of bone remodeling?

A

bone resorption
bone deposition

28
Q

What regulates bone remodeling?

A

hormones

29
Q

What factors influence bone growth, remodeling and repair?

A

minerals
vitamins
hormones

30
Q

What minerals are important to bone growth?

A

hydroxyapatite
magnesium

31
Q

What vitamins are vital to bone growth?

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin D

32
Q

What is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C?

A

scurvy

33
Q

What is caused by a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

34
Q

What hormones are part of bone growth?

A

parathyroid hormone
sex hormone (in adults)
calcitonin

35
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do for bone growth?

A
  • increases blood calcium levels
  • promotes bone reabsorption by increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts.
  • enhances calcium recovery from urine
36
Q

What do sex hormones do for bone growth?

A

promote deposition of new bone by stimulating osteoblast activity.

37
Q

What does calcitonin do for bone growth?

A
  • decreases blood calcium levels
  • promotes calcium uptake by increasing the activity of osteoblasts and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts
38
Q

Who is most at risk of osteoporosis?

A

Older women

38
Q

What are the steps of bone fracture healing?

A
  1. fracture hematoma
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
38
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

reduced bone mass due to decreased bone synthesis relative to reabsorption.

39
Q

What is joint inflammation brought about by wear and tear causing cumulative damage to articular cartilage?

A

Osteoarthritis

40
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

infection or inflammation of bone and marrow

41
Q

What does rickets or osteomalacia do?

A

causes bones to soften as it fails to calcify

42
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

a genetic disorder leading to brittle or fragile bones

43
Q

How does osteogenesis imperfecta affect bones?

A

it is an autosomal dominant disorder of type 1 collagen

AP 1 (11 decks)

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