Chapter 3 Carbon Compounds And Life Flashcards
Four main classes of molecules for living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleus Acids
Isomers
Same number of atoms but different structures and properties
Structural Isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
Cis-trans isomers
Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms but have different spatial arrangement due to inflexible double bonds
Enantiomers
Mirror images of each other
Seven functional groups most important to chemistry of life
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl
ATP consist of adenosine attaches to a string of
Three phosphate groups
ATP stores the potential to react with
Water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell
Dehydration Reaction
Two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
Polymers are disassembled to monomers
Carbohydrates include
Sugars and the polymers of sugars
Covalent bond joining saccharide
Glycosidic linkage
Starch
A storage polysaccharide of plants consist entirely of glucose monomers
Glycogen
Is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Cellulose
Polysaccharide that is a major component of tough wall of plant cells
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of Arthropods and cell walls for fungi
Lipids
Little to no affinity for water,
Fats are constructed from
Two types of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol is a
Three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon
Fatty Acid
A carboxyl group attaches to a long carbon skeleton
In a fat, three fatty acids are joined together by:
An Esther linkage, creating a triglyceride
Saturated fatty acids
Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have one or more double bonds
Major function of fat is:
Energy storage
Phospholipid
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attaches to glycerol
Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but phosphate group form a hydrophilic head
Cell membranes
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterols
An important steroid is a component in animal cell membranes
Enzymatic proteins act as
Catalysts to speed up reactions without being consumed in the reaction.
Polypeptides
Are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
A protein
Is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
Amino acids are linked by
Peptide bonds
Loss of proteins native structure
Denaturation
Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a
Gene
Made of dna
Two types of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Primary structure of proteins
Sequence of amino acids
Secondary protein structure
Coils or folds from polypeptide chains
Two types of secondary structures
Alpha helix-coil held together by hydrogen bonds
Beta pleated sheets- two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure
Overall shape of the polypeptide
Quaternary structure
Overall structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains
Nucleic acids
Are polymers made of monomers called nucleic acids
