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Biology 1306 > Chapter 10 Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Variation

A

Differences by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

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3
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity and variation

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4
Q

Units of heredity made of segments of DNA

A

Genes

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells

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6
Q

Most DNA is packaged in

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Somatic cells

A

The cells of the body except for gametes

Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells

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8
Q

Each gene has a specific position or_____, on a certain chromosome

A

Locus

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9
Q

In________, a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

A

Asexual

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10
Q

A_______is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

A

Clone

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11
Q

In _________reproduction, two parents give rise to unique offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

A

Sexual

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12
Q

A__________ is the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

A

Life cycle

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13
Q

Human somatic cells have _______pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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14
Q

A________is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

A

Karyotype

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15
Q

The two chromosomes in each pair are called

A

Homologous chromosomes or homologs

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16
Q

Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same _______ and Carey genes controlling the same _______characters

A

Length, inherited

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17
Q

Sex chromosomes are called

A

X and Y

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18
Q

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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19
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes include one chromosome from each

A

Parent

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20
Q

A _______ (2n) has two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid cell

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21
Q

Human diploid number is

A

46

2n=46

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22
Q

A gamete contains a single set of chromosomes and is

A

Haploid(n)

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23
Q

Human haploid number is

A

23

Each set contains 22 autosomes and a single sex chromosome

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24
Q

In an egg the sex chromosome is

A

X

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25
In a sperm cell the sex chromosome is
Either X or Y
26
The union of gametes
Fertilization
27
The fertilized egg is called a
Zygote
28
The _______produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult
Zygote
29
_________are the only type of human cells produced by meiosis
Gametes
30
Meiosis results in ______set of chromosomes in each gamete
One
31
Gametes undergo no further __________ before fertilization
Cell division
32
Gametes fuse to form a
Diploid zygote
33
Plants and some algae exhibit an alternation of
Generations The life cycle includes both diploid and haploid organisms The diploid organism is called a sporophyte makes haploid spores by meiosis
34
Meiosis takes place in two sets of cell divisions
Meiosis I and meiosis II
35
Meiosis results in
Four daughter cells
36
Each daughter cell in meiosis has ________ as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Half
37
The diploid organism (plants and some algae) called a _________ makes haploid spores by mitosis
Sporophyte
38
Each spore grows by mitosis into a haploid organism called a
Gametophyte
39
In most fungi and some protist, the only diploid stage is the single called
Zygote-there is no multicellular diploid stage
40
Only _______cells can undergo meiosis
Diploid
41
Interphase I
Meiosis is preceded by an interphase in which each of the chromosomes replicates. The result is sister chromatids that remain attached at their centromere
42
Prophase I
Chromosomes begin to condense Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) aligned gene by gene At numerous places chromatids of homologous pairs are crisscrossed in regions called chiasmata Centrosomes begin to move away Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disperse
43
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosome pairs are arranged along metaphase plate Kinetochore microtubules from one pole of the cell are attached to one chromosome of each pair
44
Anaphase I
Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole
45
Telephase I and Cytokinesis
Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously forming two haploid daughter cells
46
In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and in plant cells
A cell plate forms
47
No chromosome replication occurs between Meiosis I and Meiosis II because
The chromosomes are already replicated
48
Meiosis II phases
Pro II Meta II Ana II Telo II
49
Prophase II
Spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes move toward metaphase plate
50
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids are arranges at metaphase plate Because of crossing over in Meiosis I, the two sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical The kinetochores of each sister chromatids are pointing towards opposite poles
51
Anaphase II
The centromeres of the sister chromatids finally separate and the sister chromatids of each pair, now chromosomes, move towards opposite poles of the cell
52
Telephase II and Cytokinesis
Nuclei form and chromosomes begin decondensing There are four daughter cells each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the parent cell
53
A zipper like structure forms during prophase I when homologous pairs align
Synaptonemal complex
54
Three events unique to Meiosis
Synapsis and crossing over in prophase I Alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate in Metaphase I Separation of homologs in anaphase I
55
In meiosis sister chromatids stay together due to sister chromatid cohesion. In mitosis cohesins are cleaves during
Metaphase
56
In meiosis, cohesins are cleaved along the chromosome arms in ________, and at the centromeres in __________
Anaphase I, anaphase II
57
_________are the original source of genetic diversity
Mutations
58
Mutations create different versions of genes called
Alleles
59
Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation
Independent assortment of chromosomes Crossing over Random fertilization
60
The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is
2^n where n is the haploid number For humans there are more than 8 million combinations of chromosomes
61
Recombinant Chromosomes
Combine DNA from each parent and occurs during crossing over In Humans, one to three crossover events per chromosome pair
62
What is the diploid stage of a plant that follows fertilization called?
Sporophyte

Biology 1306 (16 decks)

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