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Biology 1306 > Chapter 14 Gene Expression Gene To Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Gene Expression Gene To Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

Proteins are the link between

A

Genotype and phenotype

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2
Q

Gene Expression

A

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis: includes two stages

Transcription

Translation

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3
Q

_______ is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis

A

RNA

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4
Q

RNA is similar to DNA but RNA has a ________ sugar and the base ______ rather than thymine

A

Ribose, uracil

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5
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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6
Q

Transcription produces

A

Messenger RNA mRNA

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7
Q

Translation

A

Is the synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA

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8
Q

_________ are the sites of translation

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

In _______, translation of _______ can begin before transcription has finished

A

Bacteria, mRNA

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10
Q

In eukaryotes, the __________separates transcription from translation

A

Nuclear envelope

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11
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA must be _________ our of the __________ to be translated

A

Transported, translated

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12
Q

Primary transcript

A

Is the initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

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13
Q

Central Dogma

A

Is the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command

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14
Q

The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a

A

Triplet code- a series of non overlapping three nucleotide words

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15
Q

A chain of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

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16
Q

During transcription, one of two DNA strands called the ________, provides a template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript

A

Template strand

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17
Q

During translation, the mRNA base triplets called, _______ are read in the ________ direction

A

Codons, 5’ to 3’ direction

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18
Q

Of the 64 triplets, ______code for amino acids_______ triplets are stop signals to end translation

A

61, 3

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19
Q

The genetic code is _______: more than one codon may specify a particular __________

A

Redundant, amino acid

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20
Q

No codon specifies more than

A

One amino acid

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21
Q

Codons must be read in the correct __________

A

Reading frame

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22
Q

The genetic code is nearly ________, shared by the simplest bacteria and the most complex animals

A

Universal

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23
Q

_________ is the first stage of gene expressions

A

Transcription

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24
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzes by ________ which pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the _________

A

RNA polymerase, RNA nucleotides

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25
Q

RNA polymerase assembles polynucleotides in the

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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26
Q

Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase can

A

Start a chain without a primer

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27
Q

Promoter

A

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

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28
Q

The sequence signaling the end of transcription is called

A

The terminator

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29
Q

Transcription Unit

A

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed

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30
Q

Three stages of transcription

A

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

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31
Q

________ signal the transcriptional start point

A

Promoters

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32
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

33
Q

As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it _______

A

Untwists the double helix

34
Q

Transcription progresses at rate of _______ nucleotides per second in eukaryotes

A

40

35
Q

Mechanisms of termination for bacteria and eukaryotes

A

Bacteria- the polymerase stops transcription at the end of the terminator and the mRNA can be translated without further modification

Eukaryotes- RNA polymerase II transcribes the polydenylation signal sequence

36
Q

RNA Processing

A

Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm

37
Q

Modification of mRNA ends

A

5’ end receives a modified G nucleotide 5’ cap

The 3’ end gets a poly-A-tail

38
Q

Introns

A

The non coding regions are called intervening sequences

39
Q

Exons

A

Coded regions of mRNA

40
Q

RNA Splicing

A

Removes introns and joins exons creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

41
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Genes give rise to two or more different polypeptides depending on which segments are used as exons

42
Q

RNA splicing is carried out by __________, consisting of ________and _________

A

Spliceosomes, Proteins, small RNA

43
Q

Ribozymes

A

Are RNA molecules that function as enzymes

44
Q

A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of

A

Transfer RNA tRNA

45
Q

TRNA transfer ________ to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

A

Amino acids

46
Q

Each tRNA can translate a particular ______into a given amino acid

A

mRNA codon

47
Q

The tRNA contains an ______at one end and at the other end has a ___________ that can base pair with the complementary codon on mRNA

A

Amino acid, nucleotide triplet

48
Q

A tRNA molecule consist of a single ________ strand that is about _______ nucleotides long

A

RNA , 80

49
Q

tRNA molecules can base pair with

A

Themselves

50
Q

Accurate translation requires two steps

A

First, a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Second, a correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon

51
Q

Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon

A

Wobble

52
Q

Wobble allows some tRNA to bind more than one

A

Codon

53
Q

A ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA

A

Psite
A site
Esite

54
Q

P Site

A

Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

55
Q

A Site

A

Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

56
Q

E Site

A

Is the exit site where discharged tRNA leave the ribosome

57
Q

Energy for translation is provided by

A

GTP

58
Q

The initiation stage of translation

A

mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits

A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA

Then the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon

59
Q

Steps in elongation

A

Amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the c-terminus of the growing chain

Each addition involves proteins called elongation factors and occurs in three steps: codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

Translocation proceeds along the mRNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction

60
Q

Termination

A

Occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

The A site accepts a protein called a release factor

The release factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid

This reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation assembly then comes apart

61
Q

Two populations of ribosomes in cells

A

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

62
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Mostly synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol

63
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

Make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell

64
Q

Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the

A

Cytosol

65
Q

Synthesis finishes in the _______ unless the polytsignals the ribosome to attach to the _______

A

Cytosol, ER

66
Q

Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion are marked by a

A

Signal peptide

67
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

68
Q

Chemical changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene

A

Point mutations

69
Q

If a point mutation occurs in a gamete it may be transmitted to

A

Offspring

70
Q

Two categories of point mutations

A

Single nucleotide pair substations

Nucleotide pair insertions or deletions

71
Q

A nucleotide pair substitution

A

Replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

72
Q

Silent mutations

A

Have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

73
Q

Missense Mutations

A

Still code for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

74
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

75
Q

_________ and ______ are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

A

Insertions, deletions

76
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Altering of the reading frame of the genetic message

77
Q

Mutagens

A

Physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

78
Q

A gene can be defined as

A

A region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product, either a polypeptide an RNA molecule

79
Q

The template strand is always the _______ strand for any given gene.

A

Same

Biology 1306 (16 decks)

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