Chapter 3 And Four Flashcards
Scientific method
Contains five steps observation state the problem form the hypotheses design the system to collect data analyze the data and formulate the theory of
What steps are the hallmark of the scientific study
Forming a hypothesis and designing the system to collect the data
Theory
Set of coherent groups of principles or hypotheses that explains some aspect of an area of study
Research methods
Case study experiments field study correlational studies analog studies single participants studies
Case study
And intensive study of one individual that relies on clinical data such as observation, psychological tests and historical and biographical information. Used when testing new therapeutic her diagnostic techniques and Forthe study of rare psychological phenomena.
Single participant experiment
Person his current behavior is the control or baseline to compare with future behaviors compare the behavior before and after treatment is the change occurs and if the behavior of returns the original after with drawl of treatment we can be certain that the treatment was responsible for the behavior change.
Multiple baseline study
A single participant experimental design in which baselines and two or more behaviors or the same behavior and two or more settings are obtained prior to the intervention
External validity
The degree to which the findings of a particular study can be generalized to other groups or conditions.problem with this in single participant design
Field study
And investigative technique in which behaviors and events are observed and recorded in their natural environmentproblems are that field studies do not provide information about causality and also there maybe so many factors affecting real life situations that is impossible to control and even distinguish all variables.
Analog study
And investigation that at times to replicate restimulate under controlled conditions a situation that occurs in real life
Correlational studies
The extent to which variations in one variable our company by increases or decreases in the second variable
Negative correlation
An increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in another variable. The greater the value of the correlation positive or negative the stronger the relationship between variables
Problems with correlational studies
They do not demonstrate cause-and-effect
Scientific method book def
A method of inquiry that provides for the system a collection of data control observation and testing of hypotheses
Hypothesis
Tentative explanation for certain facts or observations
Importance of being able to replicate research
Reduces the chance the findings are due toexperimental bias metodological flaws or usual characteristics of the group studied
Internal validity
Confidence that one thing causes another Highest is experimental design -gold Standard of research-middle is observational studies and single study research designs such as correlational studies in the lowest internal validity’s case studies and clinical judgment or opinions
Evidence-based therapies
Treatment techniques that have strong research support
Operational definition
Concrete description of the variables that are being studied. Needto be clear precise and consistent
Potential self correction
One of the unique characteristics of the scientific method. Open discussion testing and verification of research minimize influence from scientist personal believes perceptions biases values attitudes and emotions
Reliability
The degree to which measure, procedure, test or classification system yieldsthe same results repeatedly
Validity
Does the testing instrument really test what it was developed to measure.
Base rate
The rate of natural occurrence of a phenomenon of the population studies
Statistical significance
The statistical probability that the findings are not due to chance alone
Clinical significance
Things can be statistically significant without being clinically significant if it’s not necessarily meaning formore likely to happen in studies with large sample sizes
Experiments
The best tool for testing cause and effect relationships it’s technique of scientific inquiry in which a prediction is made about two variables: the independent variable is manipulated and changes in the dependent variable are.
Experimental hypothesis
A prediction concerning how an independent variable will affect the dependent variable
Independent variable
The possible cars experimenter manipulates this to determine its affect on a dependent variable
Dependent variable
Expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable
Control group
The group that is similar in every way to the experimental group except that they are not exposed to the independent variable
A tightly controlled study
Increases it internal validity problems occur with external validity
Placebo effect
Improvements produced by expectations of a positive treatment outcome
Placebo
And ineffectual her sham treatment such as an in active substance used as a control in an experimental study.they can actually produce biological changes in the brain such as affecting neurotransmitters or endorphins
Single-blind design
And additional control in which experiment to spoons are on aware of the purpose of the research
Double blind design
Experimental design in which neither of those helping with the experiment nor the participants are aware of the experimental conditions.
Endo phenotypes
Measurable characteristics such as neurochemical, endocinological, neuroanatomical,Neuropsychological,cognitive or neuropsychological, that can give clues regarding the specific genes involved in disorders. Must be heritable, seen in family memb who don’t have the disorder, and occur more frequent. In the family than gen. Pop.
Twin studies
Twins originate from the same and I have exactly the same DNA but also experienced some more mobile now influences prenatally and during childhood. When twins are raised apart researchers have even more opportunity To investigate influence of genetic and environmental factors
Genetic linkage study
To determine whether a disorder follows a genetic pattern.individuals closely related to the person with the disorder proband I’m more likely to display that disorder or related disorder.
Penetrance
The proportion of those with the particular genotype to manifest the phenotype or the observable characteristics associated with Gene
Epigenetic research
Focuses on environmental factors that influence whether or not a gene is expressed in the manner in which of the genetic changes regularly how and when jeans are turned on and off
Epidemiological research
The study of the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in a population. Can determine possible causal factors. Uses Surveys.
Prevalence
The percentage of individuals in the targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific time period.
Lifetime prevalence
The percentage of people in the population who have had a disorder at some point in their lives
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disorder that appear in an individual population within a specified time period. And increased incidence of a disorder in a population exposed to a particular stressor compared with another population not exposed to the stressor can mean at the stressor caused the disorder.
Longitudinal research
Methodology that involves some serving assessing and evaluating people’s behaviors over a long period
Meta-analysis
Hey statistical method in which researchers combine and analyze results from numerous studies focused on the same or similar phenomenon
Evidence-based practice
Treatment decisions based on the best research combined with clinician judgment and client needs
Parts of assessment used to make psychodiagnosis.
Observations ,interviews and tests (psychological and neurological).
Psychodiagnosis part two
Description of the individual psychological state and judgments about possible causes of psychological stress. The first step in the treatment process
Test retest reliability
Determines if I measure you wants the same results when given at two different points in time
Internal consistency reliability
Various parts of the test yield similar or consistent results.
Interrater reliability
How consistent test results are whenscored by different test administrators.
Predictive validity
Well a test
or measure predicts or forecasts a
person’s behavior response or performance
Construct validity
How well a test or measure relates to the characteristics or disorder in question
Content validity
How welltest measures what it is intended to measure for example if it only address cognitive factors that cause depression poor content validity because it fails to access the other areas we know where associated with depression
Standardization
Conditions under which tests are administered have to be the same or follow common rules or procedures
Standardization sample
The group of people who originally took thetest and whose performance is used as standard and norm.
Psychological assessment
Process of gathering information and drying conclusions about the trade skills abilities emotional functioning and psychological problems of an individual
Interviews
Get to know a client learn his or her life history and current situation and personality
Highly structured interviews
Formal standardize interviews standard serious questions or standardize rating scales increases consistency and less subject to buyers
Mental status examination
Uses questions observations and tasks to briefly evaluate her clients cognitive psychological and behavioral functioning
Projective personality test
Testing involving responses to ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots pictures are in complete sentences. Tap into unconscious needs and motivations. Rorschach test, tat test.these do not need reliability and validity standards subject to error and variation in interpretation
Rorschach test
Implant test taps into unconscious needs and motivations.personalities analyzed by attention to what you see in the blots. Unreliable and highly subject to clinician bias
Thematic appreciation test
Projective personality test 1935 Murray. Asked to tell a story about what is going on in each of 20 card showing one at a time, what led up and outcome
Sentence completion task and draw a person test such as matchover DAP
Size details in drawings or how you finish the sentence would provide clues about you
Self-report inventories
Pencil and paper test in which you complete an open ended question or respond to alist of self descriptive statements. inventory scored by comparing your responses to standardization samples or to responses from individuals with specific mental disorders
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory or MMP I
Most widely used self-report personality inventory. 567 statements. Rates the test taker on 10 clinical scales each measuring the specific psychological characteristics.
Internal validity scales
Questions Bilton to know if you’re faking that answers
First self-report or paper and pencil test
Ramon’s Cattell used factor analysis to come up with 16 groups of source traits basic parts of personality.
Myers-Briggs
Personality test
I Q test
Stanford Benet test intelligence quotient is mental age divided by chronological age times 100
W a I S
The Weschler adult intelligence scale for adults 16 and older measures for areas verbal comprehension perceptual organization working memory and processing speed. Follows bell curve.
Correlation between intelligence tests and neuropsychological tests
There is high correlation if one section and Waze is way off tells you something neurological going on brain damage intelligence tests are low and then achievements should be low. Intelligence hi but achievement low is a learning disorder.
Criticisms of intelligence tests
They predict future behaviors or achievement. Sternberg describes intelligence as involving analytical proficiency (abiity to analyze and evaluate ideas, solve problems,and make decisions), creativity ,and practical skills ,characteristics not assessed by most IQ test
David Weschler definition of intelligence
Capacity to think rationally, act purposefully , and deal effectively with your environment.
Test for cognitive impairment
Bender-Gestalt Visual -Motor test and comprehensive neurological tests such as Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery
Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test
Nine figures are shown to the participant and they try to copy them if they are stored. If including rotation of figures on usual continuation of the pattern and inability to copy angles, brain damage.
Halstead-Reitan
11 test with tasks that assess sensorimoter, cognitive, perceptual functioning, abstract concept formation, memory and attention. 6hrs and expensive.
Neurological tests
Can noninvasively visualize brain structures and brain functioning. CT’s MRIs structural imaging and functional imaging such as EEG MEG, pet scan, functional MRI,SPECT test
Structural imaging tests
Computerized axial tomography CT scan are three dimensional cross-sectional brain structure images generated by combining multiple x-rays good for diagnosis but high radiation. MRI uses read your Waze with in a magnetic field to create images by scanning one layer time to produce a clear cross-sectional picture of the brain do not involve radiation and cancer more detailed and more expensive
Functional imaging methods
Study psychological and bio chemical process in the brain EEG measures electrical activity and brand of seizures, MEG uses electrons in a helmet to measure electrical activity in the magnetic field close to the brain more accurate locating dysfunction.
More functional methods
Functional MRI uses magnetic field and radio waves to measure changes in blood flow and oxygen ,clots and location and patterns of brain activation. DTI variation of an M are I give us info on axons and nerve fibers and connections white matter injury. PET nuclear imaging technique computer monitoring of a radioactive tracer can measure neural chemical changes activity of meurotranitters, and Spect, cheaper less detailed nuclear.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
List all official mental disorders in the characteristics or something is needed to confirm diagnosis including diagnostic area of physical behavioral and emotional characteristics associated with this order and different degrees of impairment. Based on the classification system Mr. Kraepelin developed around 1850
Categorical model
Provides a category or label for each disorder DSM. But DS am also use this subtypes specifiers and disorder specific severity measures and cross cutting assessments
Dimensional classification systems
Disorders reside on a continuum with normality at one and in the severe form of a disorder at the opposite end. Not DSM
Subtypes
Distinctly different subgroups within a diagnostic category only one subtype can apply to each diagnostic category
Specifiers
Clinicians can use them to indicate whether a person has certain characteristics associated with the diagnostic category people can have multiple specifiers. Include remission early or late onset of a disorder that affects .prognosis
Cross cutting measures
Allows client and clinician to great symptom measures that are beyond those associated with the diagnose disorder symptoms that are not specific to one disorder
Comorbid disorder
Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same person
RDoC
In an effort to identify the specific biomarkers associated with many of the DSM disorders and biological similarities between the disorders
