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Human Bio YR 11 > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Thick fluid within the cell membrane and all the structures suspended in it

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2
Q

What is cytosol

A

The liquid part of the cytoplasm (75-90% water)

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3
Q

What are organelles

A

Specialized structures suspended in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

The outer boundary of the cell that separates if from other cells and the external environment. Determines which substances get into or out of a cell

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5
Q

what does the Golgi body do

A

Modify proteins and package them in vesicles for secretions from the cell.

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6
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Release energy for the cell through the process of respiration

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7
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material (mostly DNA) and is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Controls the structure

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8
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Break down materials that are taken into the cell or break down worn out organelles

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9
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Where amino acids are joined together to make proteins

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10
Q

What is the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Pairs of parallel membranes extending through the cytoplasm and connecting the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane., provides a surface on which chemical reactions can occur

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11
Q

What are centrioles

A

Pair of cylindrical structures usually located near the nucleus, involved in the reproduction of a cell

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12
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

As a cell grows, its ability to exchange enough materials to support its increasing volume is diminished because the volume increases at a greater rate than the surface area. A large cell could not support itself because it would not have enough surface area to absorb the nutrients required and remove wastes produced

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13
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment (oxygen, temp etc)

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14
Q

What are the requirements of cells

A

All cells need oxygen and glucose for respiration. This process produces carbon dioxide and water which cannot be allowed to accumulate in the cell. Many cells produce substances that will be used elsewhere in the body (eg enzymes and hormones). All these waste products must be released into the tissue fluid

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15
Q

Name 7 substances that can move across the membrane

A

Water, Glucose, Carbon DIoxide, Hormones, Enzymes, alcohol, drugs

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16
Q

What is the cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy

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17
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. Physical barrier - Protects cell + separates cell cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
  2. Regulates passage of materials - controls the movements of materials into and out of the cell
  3. Sensitivity - first part of the cell effect by changes in the extracellular fluid. Receptors are sensitive to particular molecules in its environment
  4. Support - attached to microfilaments of the cell’s cytoskeleton, giving support to the whole cell
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18
Q

What is the structure of cell membranes

A

is a fluid mosaic model composed of phospholipid molecules which are arranged in two layers, know as a bilayer. Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is hydrophilic and a tail that is hydrophobic. Arranged with heads on the outside and tails on the inside. Embedded in the bilayer of the membrane are cholesterol and protein molecules. Many of these proteins are involved in the movement of substances from one side of the membrane to another. DRAW DIAGRAM

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19
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

The accepted model of the cell membrane structure

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20
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

A lipid molecule that contains a phosphate group

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21
Q

What is a lipid

A

Large organic molecules made up of fatty acids and glycerol

22
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

Water loving

23
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

Water hating

24
Q

What are channel proteins

A

Form a channel through the membrane and have a central pore that allows ions, water and other small molecules to pass through.

25
Q

What are receptor proteins

A

Receive information to produce response

26
Q

What are carrier proteins

A

Are specific, only allow certain molecules to bind to it (Glucose or Amino Acids). Allows facilitated diffusion (eg glucose) and active transport

27
Q

What are cell identity markers

A

Identifies the cell as ‘self’ to prevent attack by the body’s immune system

28
Q

What is a passive process

A

When the cells energy, which comes from respiration, doesn’t have to be used

29
Q

What is an active process

A

Process that require the cells energy for the transfer to occur

30
Q

How are materials transported across the cell membrane

A

Cell membranes are differentially permeable (semipermeable), allowing certain ions and molecules to pass through, but restrict the movement of others

31
Q

What are the three main processes of transporting materials across the membrane

A
  1. Diffusion (osmosis)
  2. Carrier mediated transport (facilitated and active)
  3. Vesicular Transport (Endo and exocytosis)
32
Q

What is diffusion

A
  • The spreading out of particles so that they are eventually distributed over the space available.
  • Occurs in gases and liquids because the molecules of gases and liquids are constantly moving.
  • They move in random directions and in straight line until they hit an obstacle.
  • Molecules moving away from an area in which they are concentrated won’t collide as much as those moving towards the high concentration.
  • Therefore stay on straight paths for longer, evenly spreading over the space available
33
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

A difference in the concentration of a solution between the outside and inside of a cell

34
Q

What is net diffusion

A

The movement of gas or liquid from places of higher concentration to low, along a diffusion gradient.

35
Q

Why does a sugar cube dissolve in a beaker of water

A

When the sugar cube is first placed into the water, there is a lower concentration of water in the sugar cube and higher concentration of water else where in the beaker. Therefore there is a diffusion gradient for the water but is in opposite direction to that for the sugar.

36
Q

Give two examples of what can diffuse into cells

A
  1. Oxygen as it is continually used up in sided the cell for respiration, the concentration of oxygen inside the cell is therefore lower than the concentration outside. Therefore there is net diffusion into the cell
  2. Carbon Dioxide as it is continually produced inside the cell through respiration, therefore there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cell meaning there will be a net diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the cell.
37
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

38
Q

What can pass through a semipermeable membrane

A

Small molecules such as water are able to pass through the pores in the membrane quite easily, but large molecules such as sugar, starch or proteins are not able to pass through.

39
Q

What happens in carrier mediated transport

A

Proteins in the cell membrane bind to molecules to be transported and help their passage across the membrane.

40
Q

What are the important characteristics of carrier mediated transport

A
  • The carrier proteins are specific, they will only bind to a particular molecule
  • Carriers can become saturated, once all available carriers are occupied, an increase in concentration will not increase rate of movement
  • Carrier activity is regulated by substances such as hormones
41
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

A passive process whereby carrier proteins assist the movement of substances through the cell membrane. In order to be transported, the molecules (eg glucose) attach to a a binding site on the carrier. The carrier changes shape and the molecule is released on the other side of the membrane. DRAW DIAGRAM PAGE 46

42
Q

Why does active transport require energy for carrier mediated transport

A

Because substances are transported across the membrane against the concentration gradient. That is low to high.

43
Q

What is vesicular transport

A

The movement of substances across the cell membrane in bags called vesicles. Active process as energy from the cells is needed to form the vesicles

44
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Taking liquid or solids into the cell by vesicular transport. Cell membrane folds around a liquid or solid until it is completely enclosed. The vesicle formed then pinches off and is suspended in the cytoplasm .

45
Q

What is exocytosis

A

When the contents of a vesicle inside the cell are passed to the outside. A vesicle that is formed inside the cell migrates to the cell membrane and fuses with the membrane. The contents are then pushed into the extracellular fluid.

46
Q

Which transport methods are active

A

Carrier mediated active transport
Endocytosis (Vesicular)
Exocytosis (Vesicular)

47
Q

Which transport methods are passive

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

How is protein transported across the cell

A

proteins produced at the ribosomes pass through the ER to the Golgi body. at the golgi body, vesicles containing proteins are formed

49
Q

what are the main parts of a cell

A

cell membrane, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nuclues, ER and golgi bodies and the nucleolus and centrioles

50
Q

what are the two main types of carrier mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion (passive, move with concentration gradient) and active transport (against gradient)

51
Q

what is Pinocytosis

A

Taking liquids into the cell during endocytosis

52
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

Taking solids into the cell during endocytosis

Human Bio YR 11 (15 decks)

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