Chapter 12

Question 1

what are the five functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

1. Gives shape to body and supports its parts
2. Allows movement to take place
3. Protection of vital organs (eg skull protects brain)
4. Act as storage organs for mineral salts and fat (calcium)
5. has a role in blood cell production

Question 2

what does a long bone consist of

Answer 2

Diaphysis and Epiphyses

Question 3

what is a diaphysis

Answer 3

the shaft of a long bone. contains yellow bone marrow

Question 4

what is a epiphyses

Answer 4

enlarged ends of bone. contains spongy bone

Question 5

what is the periosteum

Answer 5

The dense, white, fibrous outer covering of the bone

Question 6

what are osteons

Answer 6

The basic unit of structure of compact bone. consists of a central canal surrounded by layers of hard matrix

Question 7

label compact bone and an osteon

Answer 7

.

Question 8

label long bone

Answer 8

..

Question 9

what is an osteoblast

Answer 9

Young cells that produce rigid bone, forms bone matrix. B for Building bone

Question 10

what is an osteocyte

Answer 10

mature bone cells embedded in matrix formed from osteoblast. maintains bone tissue/matrix

Question 11

what is an osteoclast

Answer 11

Destroys bone tissue during growth + healing. Active during ageing

Question 12

what are the three types of cartilage

Answer 12

Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 13

where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 13

. Found in rings of trachea and bronchi and ends of bone

Question 14

where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 14

Found in ear (fold down—>springy cartilage)

Question 15

where is Fibrocartilage found

Answer 15

in discs between vertebrae of spinal column, knee joint (articular cartilage), connecting pubic bones

Question 16

what are the two sections of the skeleton

Answer 16

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

Question 17

what does the axial skeleton consist of

Answer 17

the bones that form the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 18

what does the Appendicular skeleton consist of

Answer 18

upper and lower limbs (including scapula) and the pelvis

Question 19

label skeleton

Answer 19

…

Question 20

label skull

Answer 20

….

Question 21

what is a joint

Answer 21

where two or more bones meet

Question 22

what is a joint made up of

Answer 22

Collagen, Ligaments (B-B), Tendon (M-B), synovial fluid, cartilage

Question 23

what is a fibrous joint

Answer 23

fixed or immovable joint. found in sutures of skull and joint between teeth in jaws

Question 24

what is a cartilaginous joint

Answer 24

slightly moveable. found in pubic symphysis, discs between vertebra and between ribs and sternum

Question 25

what is a synovial joint

Answer 25

freely moveable. found in shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle and toes

Question 26

what are the six types of synovial joints

Answer 26

Ball and socket, Hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding and condyloid joint

Question 27

example of ball and socket joint

Answer 27

- head of humerus and the scapula | - head of femur and the pelvis

Question 28

example of hinge joint

Answer 28

- elbow - knee - fingers + toes

Question 29

example of saddle joint

Answer 29

- where the thumbs join to palm of hand

Question 30

example of pivot joint

Answer 30

- between radius and ulna | - atlas and aaxis

Question 31

example of gliding joint

Answer 31

- scapula and clavicle | - between carpal bones

Question 32

example of condyloid joint

Answer 32

- between metacarpals and phalanges | - between metatarsals and phalanges

Question 33

define flexion

Answer 33

bending. '

Question 34

define extension

Answer 34

straightening. '--'

Question 35

Abduction

Answer 35

movement away from body. 'T'

Question 36

adduction

Answer 36

movement towards body. '↑'

Question 37

rotation

Answer 37

movement around axis (rotate wrist)

Question 38

label knee

Answer 38

page 155

Question 39

what is Osteoarthritis

Answer 39

deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury, to the point where the bone surfaces are not protected

Question 40

what causes Osteoarthritis

Answer 40

- bare bones grinding against each other - jobs requiring repetitive use of joint - joint injury - overweight

Question 41

what are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis (5)

Answer 41

- Pain + stiffness of joint - restricted movement - inflammation - swelling - bony spurs

Question 42

effects of Osteoarthritis (3)

Answer 42

- abnormal bone formation - deformities of hand + feet - bony spurs

Question 43

treatment for Osteoarthritis (6)

Answer 43

- no cure - pain relief medication - anti-inflammatory drugs - physiotherapy - weight loss program - joint replacement surgery

Question 44

Risk factors of Osteoarthritis

Answer 44

- Family history - Repetitive movements - Overweight - Joint injury

Question 45

how is Osteoarthritis diagnosed

Answer 45

X rays

Question 46

what is Osteoporosis

Answer 46

reduced bone density resulting in increased risk of fractures.

Question 47

what causes Osteoporosis

Answer 47

- Ageing - Inactivity - Menopause

Question 48

what are the symptoms of Osteoporosis

Answer 48

- No symptoms until bone breaks - weak and thin bones - common in spine, wrist, hip

Question 49

what are the effects of Osteoporosis (2)

Answer 49

- Hunching of spine, deformed wrist/hip | - loss of height

Question 50

what is the treatment for Osteoporosis (4)

Answer 50

- Dietary supplements - Healthy diet - Lifestyle changes - stop smoking

Question 51

what are the risk factors of Osteoporosis (5)

Answer 51

- Family history - Poor diet - Lack of exercise - Menopause, low testosterone - smoking, alcohol

Question 52

how is Osteoporosis diagnosed

Answer 52

Bone density scan