Chapter 12 Flashcards
what are the five functions of the skeleton
- Gives shape to body and supports its parts
- Allows movement to take place
- Protection of vital organs (eg skull protects brain)
- Act as storage organs for mineral salts and fat (calcium)
- has a role in blood cell production
what does a long bone consist of
Diaphysis and Epiphyses
what is a diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone. contains yellow bone marrow
what is a epiphyses
enlarged ends of bone. contains spongy bone
what is the periosteum
The dense, white, fibrous outer covering of the bone
what are osteons
The basic unit of structure of compact bone. consists of a central canal surrounded by layers of hard matrix
label compact bone and an osteon
.
label long bone
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what is an osteoblast
Young cells that produce rigid bone, forms bone matrix. B for Building bone
what is an osteocyte
mature bone cells embedded in matrix formed from osteoblast. maintains bone tissue/matrix
what is an osteoclast
Destroys bone tissue during growth + healing. Active during ageing
what are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage
where is hyaline cartilage found
. Found in rings of trachea and bronchi and ends of bone
where is elastic cartilage found
Found in ear (fold down—>springy cartilage)
where is Fibrocartilage found
in discs between vertebrae of spinal column, knee joint (articular cartilage), connecting pubic bones
what are the two sections of the skeleton
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
what does the axial skeleton consist of
the bones that form the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
what does the Appendicular skeleton consist of
upper and lower limbs (including scapula) and the pelvis
label skeleton
…
label skull
….
what is a joint
where two or more bones meet
what is a joint made up of
Collagen, Ligaments (B-B), Tendon (M-B), synovial fluid, cartilage
what is a fibrous joint
fixed or immovable joint. found in sutures of skull and joint between teeth in jaws
what is a cartilaginous joint
slightly moveable. found in pubic symphysis, discs between vertebra and between ribs and sternum
what is a synovial joint
freely moveable. found in shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle and toes
what are the six types of synovial joints
Ball and socket, Hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding and condyloid joint
example of ball and socket joint
- head of humerus and the scapula
- head of femur and the pelvis
example of hinge joint
- elbow
- knee
- fingers + toes
example of saddle joint
- where the thumbs join to palm of hand
example of pivot joint
- between radius and ulna
- atlas and aaxis
example of gliding joint
- scapula and clavicle
- between carpal bones
example of condyloid joint
- between metacarpals and phalanges
- between metatarsals and phalanges
define flexion
bending. ‘
define extension
straightening. ‘–’
Abduction
movement away from body. ‘T’
adduction
movement towards body. ‘↑’
rotation
movement around axis (rotate wrist)
label knee
page 155
what is Osteoarthritis
deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury, to the point where the bone surfaces are not protected
what causes Osteoarthritis
- bare bones grinding against each other
- jobs requiring repetitive use of joint
- joint injury
- overweight
what are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis (5)
- Pain + stiffness of joint
- restricted movement
- inflammation
- swelling
- bony spurs
effects of Osteoarthritis (3)
- abnormal bone formation
- deformities of hand + feet
- bony spurs
treatment for Osteoarthritis (6)
- no cure
- pain relief medication
- anti-inflammatory drugs
- physiotherapy
- weight loss program
- joint replacement surgery
Risk factors of Osteoarthritis
- Family history
- Repetitive movements
- Overweight
- Joint injury
how is Osteoarthritis diagnosed
X rays
what is Osteoporosis
reduced bone density resulting in increased risk of fractures.
what causes Osteoporosis
- Ageing
- Inactivity
- Menopause
what are the symptoms of Osteoporosis
- No symptoms until bone breaks
- weak and thin bones
- common in spine, wrist, hip
what are the effects of Osteoporosis (2)
- Hunching of spine, deformed wrist/hip
- loss of height
what is the treatment for Osteoporosis (4)
- Dietary supplements
- Healthy diet
- Lifestyle changes
- stop smoking
what are the risk factors of Osteoporosis (5)
- Family history
- Poor diet
- Lack of exercise
- Menopause, low testosterone
- smoking, alcohol
how is Osteoporosis diagnosed
Bone density scan
