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Human Bio YR 11 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the five functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Gives shape to body and supports its parts
  2. Allows movement to take place
  3. Protection of vital organs (eg skull protects brain)
  4. Act as storage organs for mineral salts and fat (calcium)
  5. has a role in blood cell production
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2
Q

what does a long bone consist of

A

Diaphysis and Epiphyses

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3
Q

what is a diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone. contains yellow bone marrow

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4
Q

what is a epiphyses

A

enlarged ends of bone. contains spongy bone

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5
Q

what is the periosteum

A

The dense, white, fibrous outer covering of the bone

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6
Q

what are osteons

A

The basic unit of structure of compact bone. consists of a central canal surrounded by layers of hard matrix

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7
Q

label compact bone and an osteon

A

.

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8
Q

label long bone

A

..

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9
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

Young cells that produce rigid bone, forms bone matrix. B for Building bone

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10
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

mature bone cells embedded in matrix formed from osteoblast. maintains bone tissue/matrix

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11
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

Destroys bone tissue during growth + healing. Active during ageing

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12
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage

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13
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

. Found in rings of trachea and bronchi and ends of bone

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14
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

Found in ear (fold down—>springy cartilage)

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15
Q

where is Fibrocartilage found

A

in discs between vertebrae of spinal column, knee joint (articular cartilage), connecting pubic bones

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16
Q

what are the two sections of the skeleton

A

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

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17
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of

A

the bones that form the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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18
Q

what does the Appendicular skeleton consist of

A

upper and lower limbs (including scapula) and the pelvis

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19
Q

label skeleton

A

…

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20
Q

label skull

A

….

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21
Q

what is a joint

A

where two or more bones meet

22
Q

what is a joint made up of

A

Collagen, Ligaments (B-B), Tendon (M-B), synovial fluid, cartilage

23
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A

fixed or immovable joint. found in sutures of skull and joint between teeth in jaws

24
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

slightly moveable. found in pubic symphysis, discs between vertebra and between ribs and sternum

25
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

freely moveable. found in shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle and toes

26
Q

what are the six types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket, Hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding and condyloid joint

27
Q

example of ball and socket joint

A
  • head of humerus and the scapula

- head of femur and the pelvis

28
Q

example of hinge joint

A
  • elbow
  • knee
  • fingers + toes
29
Q

example of saddle joint

A
  • where the thumbs join to palm of hand
30
Q

example of pivot joint

A
  • between radius and ulna

- atlas and aaxis

31
Q

example of gliding joint

A
  • scapula and clavicle

- between carpal bones

32
Q

example of condyloid joint

A
  • between metacarpals and phalanges

- between metatarsals and phalanges

33
Q

define flexion

A

bending. ‘

34
Q

define extension

A

straightening. ‘–’

35
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from body. ‘T’

36
Q

adduction

A

movement towards body. ‘↑’

37
Q

rotation

A

movement around axis (rotate wrist)

38
Q

label knee

A

page 155

39
Q

what is Osteoarthritis

A

deterioration of joint cartilage due to age or injury, to the point where the bone surfaces are not protected

40
Q

what causes Osteoarthritis

A
  • bare bones grinding against each other
  • jobs requiring repetitive use of joint
  • joint injury
  • overweight
41
Q

what are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis (5)

A
  • Pain + stiffness of joint
  • restricted movement
  • inflammation
  • swelling
  • bony spurs
42
Q

effects of Osteoarthritis (3)

A
  • abnormal bone formation
  • deformities of hand + feet
  • bony spurs
43
Q

treatment for Osteoarthritis (6)

A
  • no cure
  • pain relief medication
  • anti-inflammatory drugs
  • physiotherapy
  • weight loss program
  • joint replacement surgery
44
Q

Risk factors of Osteoarthritis

A
  • Family history
  • Repetitive movements
  • Overweight
  • Joint injury
45
Q

how is Osteoarthritis diagnosed

A

X rays

46
Q

what is Osteoporosis

A

reduced bone density resulting in increased risk of fractures.

47
Q

what causes Osteoporosis

A
  • Ageing
  • Inactivity
  • Menopause
48
Q

what are the symptoms of Osteoporosis

A
  • No symptoms until bone breaks
  • weak and thin bones
  • common in spine, wrist, hip
49
Q

what are the effects of Osteoporosis (2)

A
  • Hunching of spine, deformed wrist/hip

- loss of height

50
Q

what is the treatment for Osteoporosis (4)

A
  • Dietary supplements
  • Healthy diet
  • Lifestyle changes
  • stop smoking
51
Q

what are the risk factors of Osteoporosis (5)

A
  • Family history
  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Menopause, low testosterone
  • smoking, alcohol
52
Q

how is Osteoporosis diagnosed

A

Bone density scan

Human Bio YR 11 (15 decks)

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