Chapter 14

Question 1

what are the four phases of the cell life cycle

Answer 1

• G0 performing regular functions but not preparing for cell division
• G1 (first growth phase) produces new proteins, grows and carries out normal tasks
• S (Synthesis phase) DNA replication
• G2 (second growth phase) growth and preparation for m
• m (mitosis) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 2

what are the phases of mitosis

Answer 2

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 3

what occurs during interphase

Answer 3

Period between nuclear divisions, DNA in nucleus doubles

Question 4

what occurs during prophase

Answer 4

(Pro=first)
chromatin coils to become chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibres grow from centrioles, centrioles migrate to poles

Question 5

what occurs during metaphase

Answer 5

(meta=middle)

Chromosomes line up in middle, some spindles attach to centromeres

Question 6

what occurs during anaphase

Answer 6

(ana=away)

spindle fibres pull new chromosomes to poles. each pol now has identical set of genes

Question 7

what occurs during telophase

Answer 7

(Tel=two)

chromosomes gather at pole, 2 nuclear membrane appear. cytokinesis also occurs

Question 8

what is cell differentiation

Answer 8

process by which cells become specialised. As mitosis occurs, different genes become activated, meaning cells become specific for certain tasks

Question 9

what are stem cells

Answer 9

cells that undergo differentiation, aren’t specialised

Question 10

what are the two types of tumours

Answer 10

• Maligent (when tumour cells are able to spread to other parts of the body)
• Benign (the tumour does not spread to other parts)

Question 11

what are carcinogens (give 5 examples)

Answer 11

environmental factors that can trigger tumours (UV radiation, xrays, Ionising radiation, viruses, chemical carcinogens)

Question 12

what causes a tumour

Answer 12

uncontrolled division of cells

Question 13

how has the incidence of cancer been reduced in Australia

Answer 13

Education - public awareness of dangers of carcinogens (slip,slap,slop)
legislation - passing laws to control exposure of carcinogens

Question 14

what is cervical cancer and how is it detected

Answer 14

• caused by HPV which is transmitted via genital contact

- detected by pap test which examines cervical cells for abnormalities

Question 15

how is breast cancer detected

Answer 15

• mammography (xray of the breast which produces a mammogram) tumours detected on X ray pictures

Question 16

what is bowel cancer and how is it detected

Answer 16

• Malignant tumour that develops in the large intestine

- detected using a FOBT which tests for blood in faeces caused by polyps which can lead to cancer

Question 17

how is prostate cancer detected

Answer 17

• DRE test (bum gets fingered)
• PSA test which checks the blood for increased levels of a protein produced by the prostate
• biopsy which involves the use of a needle to collect a small sample tissue that can be checked for cancer celss