Chapter 3

Question 1

Physical Injury

Answer 1

NCVS = 25% of violent victimizations result in injury
Most common during robbery (pistol whip), asault, rape SA
women more likely to be injured

Question 2

Psychological consequences

Answer 2

Depression
Reduction in self worth
impact on self esteem
anxiety

Question 3

PTSD

Answer 3

Criteria:
1. must experience or witnessing actual or threatened death or serious injury
2. experience intrusion symptoms (flashbacks, nightmares)
3. Must have distress of physical reactivity to symptoms
4. must have behaviors of aggression, irritability etc
25% victims experience PTSD
concurs with depression

Question 4

Neurobiology of trauma

Answer 4

Flight, fight, freeze
resilience
Hormones impact the process of trauma: flat affect and distress
HPA axis: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland

Question 5

behavioral reactions

Answer 5

Characterological self-blame (victimization is deserved)
behavioral self-blame (victims behavior caused it)
Learned helplessness (passive and numb)
self harm

Question 6

economic costs

Answer 6

Violent crime causes 3% of medical spending
14% of spending to injury related medical
wage loss is 1% foe Americans
As much as 20% for mental health care for victims
losses in productivity

Question 7

system costs

Answer 7

$300 billion a year on CJS
insurance companies spent $45 billion on crime victims

Question 8

Vicarious Victimization

Answer 8

the effects of victimization on others
Parents of homicide victim = more likely suicide

Question 9

Reporting

Answer 9

less than half of violent crimes are reported
Rape SA and IPV least likely to be reported

Question 10

Fear of Crime

Answer 10

proportion to likelihood of criminal victimization

Question 11

Shadow hypothesis

Answer 11

Because any potential victimization can result in rape or SA, women become more fearful of crime
Any crime can escalate to rape or sexual assault