Chapter 2

Question 1

3 main sources of Crime Stats

Answer 1

Official Statistics (UCR), Victimization surveys, self-report surveys (highest numbers provided)

Question 2

Uniform Crime Report

Answer 2

95% of PD reports, it is voluntary to report. FL barely has any reports. Only includes # of persons arrested, # of crimes reported, # of officers and support law enforcement

Question 3

Data Presentation of UCR

Answer 3

Aggregate number, % change from year to year, Rate per 100,000 people

Question 4

UCR categories

Answer 4

Part 1 AKA index: murder, rape, aggrvated assault, GTA, theft, larceny, arson, robbery, burglary. Most common is larceny-theft.
Part II: everything not in Part I
quarterly reports!

Question 5

Limitations of UCR

Answer 5

voluntary, hierarchy rule (only takes worse crime), under and overreporting, inconsistent definitions, no detail about victims

Question 6

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Answer 6

Created to improve limitations of UCR. Includes ALL crimes committed during an incident. Information on victims, offenders, where they were, and weapons. Replaced UCR in 2021. No hierarchy rule

Question 7

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Answer 7

Panel design (same people being studied). 90,000 households, 12 and over. Households stay in a panel for 3 years and are interviewed every 6 months.
Memory recall questions

Question 8

Advantages with NCVS

Answer 8

Includes its estimates of victimization of several offenses not included in P1 IN UCR. Records crimes not reported to police, two-stage measurement.

Question 9

Issues with NCVS

Answer 9

memory and recall issues, honesty, cost, one crime cannot be measured = murder

Question 10

Comparison of UCR and NCVS

Answer 10

NCVS has 2x crimes compared to UCR
robbery, GTA, and assault most common report
THEFT is least likely to be reported

Question 11

Typical Victimization and Victim

Answer 11

Men are most likely to be victimized, except for rape and SA. People of color, under 24, and live in urban areas = are victimized. Victims and offenders share the same characteristics. Victimization may lead to participation in crime. Especially relevant to women, women who have a history of abuse are more likely to be victims.

Question 12

Routine Activities Theory

Answer 12

Cohen anf Felson.
3 things: motivated offender, capable guardian, suitable target
did not explain why offenders are motivated
wanted to explain increase in crime after WWII
explains offending and victmization

Question 13

Lifestyle Exposure Theory

Answer 13

Focuses on actions and behaviors of victims that increase their vulnerability of being victimized.
similar to RAT
Can explain increased risk of Cyber victimization

Question 14

Social Disorganization

Answer 14

Social problems are result of ecological factors.
Disorganized neigh = high fear of crime = low CE
Centric Zones = zone 1 (business), zone 2 (transition, high crime), zone 3 (blue collar neigh), zone 4 (suburbs), zone 5 (further out suburbs)

Question 15

Social Learning Theory

Answer 15

Belief that behavior is learned through primary and secondary social groups.
Learned through differential association

Question 16

Immigration and Victimization

Answer 16

Many politicians blame immigrants for crime
nothing suggests that immigrants are more likely to be offenders
Immigrant youth are more likely to be bullied in school

Question 17

Control Balance Theory

Answer 17

Deviance happens when there is an imbalance of control
Control = degree to which we can influence a course of action
Control deficit = repressive crimes (violence or SA)
Control surplus = bribery, extortion

Question 18

Social Interactionalist Theory

Answer 18

Distress = related to victimization
Distressed people may break rules and be annoying which makes them more vulnerable to aggression from others
Felson argued that aggressive encounters happen when distressed individuals break social rules

Question 19

General theory of crime

Answer 19

Focuses on Lack of self control
Gottfredson and Hirschi
low Self control = poor parenting

Question 20

Age graded theory of adult social bonds

Answer 20

Sampson and laub (life-course theory- desist from crime)
argued 2 key social bonds = marriage & Employment
this aids people to move out of a life delinquency
adults will be less likely to be victimized

Question 21

Biopsychosocial factors

Answer 21

Some genes linked to criminality
Genes matter
White men with low levels of delinquent peers and high dopamine are more likely to be violent crime victims
Suffering a head injury as a child = more likely to be victim

Question 22

Alcohol and victimization

Answer 22

present in victim-offender interactions
alcohol = linked to victimization