Chapter 3

Question 1

Scientists perform a diet study in which they assign half the people to a continuous dieting group and the other half to an intermittent fasting group. Which term best describes this study design?

Answer 1

Parallel

Question 2

Which term describes a variable in an experiment for which a scientist takes no steps to account for?

Answer 2

Uncontrollable variable

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?

Answer 3

Survey

Question 4

“I tried this diet and lost 30 lbs.” What type of evidence is this?

Answer 4

Anecdote

Question 5

Studies show that Diet A causes more weight loss than Diet B. A client is able to better adhere to Diet B than Diet A. Which item represents the best option for this client?

Answer 5

Diet B

Question 6

Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs?

Answer 6

Evidence based practice

Question 7

Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent variable in this study?

Answer 7

Diet type

Question 8

Which of the following represents the lowest level of evidence?

Answer 8

Non peer reviewed media

Question 9

Which term best describes formulation of a hypothesis, collecting data to test the hypothesis, and changing or discarding the hypothesis when the data does not support it?

Answer 9

Scientific method

Question 10

Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?

Answer 10

Academic textbook

Question 11

Scientists take 5000 people and have them fill out questionnaires on their dairy intake. They then compare cancer rates between people with high intakes and low intakes. What type of study is this?

Answer 11

Observational

Question 12

Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design?

Answer 12

Crossover

Question 13

Scientists perform a study tracking 10,000 people over a 10-year period. They look at their sugar intake at the beginning of the study and then see who develops diabetes over the study duration. Which term best describes this study?

Answer 13

Cohort study

Question 14

A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best describes this scientist’s proposal?

Answer 14

Hypothesis

Question 15

A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best describes this scientist’s proposal?

Answer 15

Theory

Question 16

Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this?

Answer 16

Meta-analysis

Question 17

Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?

Answer 17

Large subject numbers

Question 18

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting health-related information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term best describes this research?

Answer 18

Survey

Question 19

Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women without breast cancer. They gather information on the women’s diets and look to see if the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the women who did not get cancer. Which term best describes this study?

Answer 19

Case-control study

Question 20

Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal association?

Answer 20

Cohort study

Question 21

Which term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions?

Answer 21

Test-retest reliability

Question 22

A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal?

Answer 22

Falsification

Question 23

A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potential consequence?

Answer 23

Prediction