Chapter 29 - Industrialization

Question 1

What did industrialization do to economics?

Answer 1

It centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.

Question 2

Why was wood replaced by coal as the primary fuel in Great Britain?

Answer 2

Using wood as a primary fuel caused deforestation and shortages. Coal, its replacement, played a crucial role in Great Britain’s industrialization.

Question 3

What did John Kay invent?

Answer 3

He invented the flying shuttle, which sped up the process of weaving thread. However, it was so fast that the weavers couldn’t keep up with thread production. This invention played a crucial role in the mechanization of the cotton industry.

Question 4

Who invented the steam engine?

Answer 4

The steam engine was invented by James Watt, a Scottish instrument maker. It works by having the steam force the piston to turn a wheel.

Question 5

What is coke?

Answer 5

Coke is purified coal that is used to produce iron.

Question 6

What is the Bessemer converter?

Answer 6

It’s creation (by Henry Bessemer) enabled the mass production of steel by converting iron.

Question 7

What did George Stephenson invent?

Answer 7

He invented “Rocket”, the 1st steam-bast powered locomotive.

Question 8

What was the significance of steam railroads?

Answer 8

Steam railroads and ships lowered price of transportation, increased speed, and made more regions accessible. Additionally, the steam boat allowed boats to sail against strong river currents.

Question 9

What is the putting-out system?`

Answer 9

The putting-out system is when domestic manufacturing individuals worked in their households and workers owned their tools but merchants provided raw material.

Question 10

What is the protoindustrial system?

Answer 10

The protoindustrial system is when the finished materials/goods are given back to merchants to sell somewhere else. All the workers are under one roof.

Question 11

What was the factory system?

Answer 11

It replaced the putting-outing and protoindustrial systems because the new machinery was too large and complex to be kept in a house. It encompassed more specialized work and a new division of labor. Each person had a specific task instead of each worker producing one item. The products are now consistently identical but the workers do not see the finished product.

Question 12

What new class structure accompanied the factory system?

Answer 12

The new class structure was owner vs. workers (wage earners)

Question 13

Who were the Luddites?

Answer 13

They were a group of British handymen who opposed technological change in England. They opposed the new machines because managers could allegedly lower wages with them in use. These new machines also replace jobs and produce lower quality goods. The Luddites went on a rampage, destroying textile machines at night while wearing masks. They never harmed workers because many were women and children and many actually supported the Luddites.

Question 14

How did Napoleon influence the spread of industrialization?

Answer 14

He ended guilds and trade restrictions, which helped spread industrialization to France, Germany, Belgium, the U.S., and Western Europe.

Question 15

Where did industrialization start?

Answer 15

It started in Great Britain. They subsequently forbade the export of industrial machines.

Question 16

Who is Eli Whitney?

Answer 16

He was an American inventor responsible for the cotton gin, a machine for separating cotton from its seeds. He also produced interchangeable parts for firearms. Originally, each artisan created a musket. Whitney made it possible for a worker to make a particular part.

Question 17

Who is Henry Ford?

Answer 17

He was a journeyman turned machinist that produced cars in the early 20th century. (Most notably, the Model T) He introduced a moving assembly line using a conveyor belt. He was notoriously antisemetic and the headlines of his company’s newspaper reflected this. Ford used the term “robber barons” to describe Jews.

Question 18

What did welfare capitalism do for workers?

Answer 18

It improved safety and sanitization, established paid vacations and pensions, and encouraged loyalty to the company, which dissolved unions.

Question 19

What is a trust?

Answer 19

A trust is a system in which the corporation gives shares of their stock to trustees who hold the stock “in trust” for their stockholders.

Question 20

Who is John D. Rockefeller?

Answer 20

He is an example of an industrial capitalist. He controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, marketing, and distribution with his Standard Oil Company.

Question 21

Who is Andrew Carnegie?

Answer 21

He is another example of an industrial capitalist. His company, U.S. Steel, dominated the steel industry.

Question 22

Why did early manufacturers favor women and children?

Answer 22

They were favored because of their small hands and increased dexterity.

Question 23

Who is Charles Fourier and Robert Owen?

Answer 23

They were critics of industrialization who were referred to as Utopian Socialists. They tried to set up model ideal communities with the most famous of them being in New Lamarck, Scotland.

Question 24

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 24

He was a German revolutionary and Socialist who was born in Prussia. Marx criticized Utopian Socialists for being unrealistic and for not solving problems. He divided people into 2 classes: the Capitalists, who owned the means of production, and the Proletariats, the wageworkers.

Question 25

What was Karl Marx’s view on religion?

Answer 25

Karl Marx, a militant atheist, considered religion to be “the opiate of the masses.”

Question 26

Who was Friedrich Engels?

Answer 26

He was a friend of Marx who was also born in Prussia. Similar to Marx, he moved to England later in his life due to his father’s factory in Manchester. He met with Marx in Paris and wrote The Communist Manifesto with him. This book advocated for the abolition of private property, radically egalitarian society, and the distribution of wealth.