Chapter 28 - Cont.

Question 1

How did Napoleon rise to power?

Answer 1

In the Battle of Toulon, he drove the British out of French courts. Around this time, he won multiple victories against the Austrians and negotiated peace. He went from a general to a politician when he overthrew the Directory and set up a Consul. As a leader, he censored the press. He became Consul for life but later assumed the title of Emperor.

Question 2

How did Napoleon go from Consul for life to the 1st Emperor of France?

Answer 2

He held a plebiscite (a vote) to move up. The citizens of France strongly supported him.

Question 3

What are some things that Napoleon did to reform France?

Answer 3

He centralized power and focused on order, security, and efficiency. He also produced The Concordat of 1801, which made peace with the Catholic Church, and established a Napoleonic Code, which promoted equality of law citizens under the law, religious tolerance, and the abolition of feudalism. This code, however, stripped women of some of the rights that they gained in the French Revolution.

Question 4

How did Napoleon build an Empire?

Answer 4

As a general, Napoleon favored rapid movement and large armies which would always keep the enemy guessing. Napoleon later annexed Netherlandss, Belgium, and portions of both Italy and Germany. He put an end to the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 5

What happened during Napoleon’s strike on Britain?

Answer 5

The Battle of Trafalgar took place on the southwestern coast of Spain. 27 British ships fought 33 ships controlled by both France and Spain. A British Admiral named Horatio Nelson defeated the French fleet. Ultimately, France lost 22 ships and Britain lost 0. However, Nelson died.

Question 6

What happened during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia?

Answer 6

Napoleon brought over 600,000 troops and 50,000 horses. The opposing Russians were on a continual retreat and employed a scorched earth supply, which entailed an effort to burn all the land that they came upon. Napoleon entered Moscow in September, but left in October for fear of the upcoming winter. Unfortunately, his retreat from Russia was a 1,000 mile walk. Due to the brutal winter and Russian attacks, less than 20,000 soldiers survived in the end.

Question 7

Why was Napoleon exiled to Elba?

Answer 7

France lost the Battle of Nations, in which the opponents were an alliance composed of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Napoleon gave up his power a year later. The alliance forced him to go to Elba. Elba is off the coast of Corsica, Napoleon’s birthplace.

Question 8

What was the result of Louis XVIII entering the throne?

Answer 8

Napoleon escaped and returned to France. He entered Paris to cheers and absorbs Louis XVIII’s army into his own.

Question 9

What happened in the Battle of Waterloo?

Answer 9

The Duke of Wellington (from Britain) and the Prussian Duke defeated France in this battle. As a result, Napoleon was once again forced into exile. This time, he was sent to St. Helena.

Question 10

When was the Congress of Vienna formed?

Answer 10

It was formed in 1814.

Question 11

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 11

Their first meeting was prior to Napoleon coming back from Elba and was initiated after the Battle of Nations. Their task at hand was to restore stability and order to Europe. They formed an alliance of hereditary monarchs. The result of this Congress was lasting peace until 1914. (100 years)

Question 12

What happened in the Haitian Revolution?

Answer 12

It was the only successful slave revolt in history. It took place on the Western portion of Hispaniola island, Saint Domingue. This island was known for its sugar production. At the time, mixed-race groups owned 1/4th of the slave population and were barred from politics. The Revolution started when white planters wanted to be linked with the revolution. Then, mixed-race planters were inspired by books and Enlightenment ideals. They rebel when they realize that they are repressed. 1000s of machete wielding slaves rose up. They were led by Boukman, a voodoo priest. Toussaint L’Ouverture became the leader of the revolt after Boukman died. Subsequently, in 1804, the Republic of Haiti.

Question 13

Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture?

Answer 13

He was a revolutionary who led the Haitian Revolution after Boukman died. He actually helped his masters escape to the mountains. He would later play France, Spanish, and British forces against each other. L’Ouverture promulgated a constitution for his republic that declared him governor for life.

Question 14

Why was Napoleon mad at Toussaint L’Ouverture and what was the result of his anger?

Answer 14

Napoleon was mad at him because he dealt with the British and stopped the flow of sugar. As a result, France sent their forces and forced L’Ouverture to resign. However, two-thirds of the troops died. Many of which fell to yellow fever.

Question 15

Who are peninsulares?

Answer 15

They were colonial officials from Spain or Portugal.

Question 16

Who are Criolles? (Creoles)

Answer 16

Creoles were any person of European or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French/Spanish America.

Question 17

Who were Mestizos?

Answer 17

Mestizos were European or American Indians.

Question 18

Who were Mullatos?

Answer 18

They were people who were half-European and half-African.

Question 19

Who was Agustin Iturbide?

Answer 19

He was a Mexican revolutionary who became a prominent figure after Miguel Hidalgo’s death. Following the revolution, he became Mexico’s 1st Emperor.

Question 20

What battle in the Egyptian Expedition did Napoleon suffer great losses?

Answer 20

Napoleon suffered great losses in the Battle of Acre.

Question 21

What is the story of La Virgen de Guadalupe?

Answer 21

In the 1600s, the image of the Virgin Mary appeared to the indigenous peasant, Juan Diego, in the hills of Tepeyac.

It was December 9, 1531, and Juan Diego was on his way to the city from his village when he saw the image of a young woman surrounded by light. The young woman spoke in Nahuatl and told Juan Diego that a church should be built in her honor at the top of Tepeyac hill, where there had once been an Aztec Temple to the goddess Tonantzin. But when Juan Diego related this to the Spanish archbishop, Juan se Zumárraga, the cleric didn’t believe him and told Juan Diego to go back to Tepeyac and ask the Virgin for a miracle so that she might prove that what she said was true.

The Virgin told Juan Diego to gather Castilian roses at the top of the hill. The Virgin helped arrange the flowers in Juan Diego’s tilmátli (a type of cloak), and he carried them back to Mexico City.

When he arrived on December 12 and opened his tilmátli in front of the archbishop, the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe had been imprinted on the tilmátli. The tilmátli with the imprint is still on display at the Basilica de Guadalupe, one of the most visited shrines in the world.

The icon of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was used by father Miguel Hidalgo as he launched the fight for independence.

Question 22

How did the Mexican Revolution begin?

Answer 22

It began when Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened royal power in Latin America. There were revolts across Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico. A prominent revolutionary figure during this time was a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who was later executed.

Question 23

What is a nation?

Answer 23

A nation is a type of community that encompasses a common language, customs, cultural traditions, values, historical experience, and often religion.

Question 24

What is Zionism?

Answer 24

Zionism is the political movement that holds the belief that Jewish people constitute a nation and have a right to their own national homeland.

Question 25

What is Antisemitism?

Answer 25

It is a prejudice, hatred, or discrimination against Jews as a national, ethnic, religious, or racial group.

Question 26

What is pogrom?

Answer 26

Pogrom is a term that refers to violent mob attacks on ethnic groups.

Question 27

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

Answer 27

The Dreyfus Affair was a scandal that involved a Jewish officer being accused of spying for Germany. The officer was not convicted.

Question 28

What was the German Confederation?

Answer 28

After Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation. It was led by Austria because they fought Napoleon.

Question 29

Who was Otto von Bismark?

Answer 29

Bismark was a Prussian diplomat who later became Prussia’s Prime Minister and then eventually Chancellor of Germany. At the time, Chancellor was the highest official of a monarch. Bismarck’s policy was nicknamed “blood and iron” and he was known as the Iron Chancellor.

Question 30

What is realpolitik?

Answer 30

It is a political ideology held by Otto von Bismarck that promotes realistic politics based on the state’s needs and not political leanings.

Question 31

Why was Otto van Bismarck so successful?

Answer 31

He was successful because of his strong will, his belief in realpolitik, his strengthened Prussian army, and the effective diplomacy that followed as a result of a better military. Additionally, he was involved in 3 wars: a conflict against France, a conflict against Denmark, and the Austro-Prussian War.

Question 32

What did Bismarck do the German Confederation?

Answer 32

He dissolved Austria as its leader and replaced them with Prussia.

Question 33

What events led to Napoleon III being defeated?

Answer 33

Bismarck played on the idea of France being a menace. He was mainly referring to Napoleon I’s invasion of Germany. Later, France declared war on Prussia and Napoleon III was defeated.

Question 34

How did the German Empire form?

Answer 34

Bismarck persuaded William I of Prussia to accept the title of Kaiser. (Emperor)

Question 35

What were the 3 Reichs in German history?

Answer 35

The 1st Reich was the Holy Roman Empire. The 2nd Reich was Germany after William I of Prussia becomes Kaiser. This reich ends with the conclusion of World War I. The 3rd and final Reich is the Nazis.

Question 36

How did Germany become an industrial giant?

Answer 36

Germany became an industrial giant as the population increased and when Bismarck emphasized on tech and promoted big business, corporations, and railroads.

Question 37

What was Bismarck’s foreign policy?

Answer 37

His foreign policy aimed to weaken France, unite German nations, and to force France into a position where they needed to declare war on Germany so that Prussia would appear to be the saviors of the German people. The result of this was the Franko-Prussian War, in which France declares war on the German state because an heir to the Spanish throne was German. They feared that they were being outflanked because there were Germans on both sides. Ultimately, Germany won and Prussia was indeed seen as the savior. The second goal of his foreign policy was to reconnect with Austria.

Question 38

What was Bismarck’s domestic policy?

Answer 38

His domestic policy was that anyone or thing that goes against imperial rule must be eliminated. Bismarck felt that Socialists and Catholics were threats to imperial rule because the latter supported the pope. The Socialists (Marxists) were dealt with by numerous arrests and destroying property. However, this reaffirmed the Marxist belief that there is no freedom of expression. Bismarck switched tactics and gave them their freedoms while peddling propaganda against them at the same time. Both sides were producing propaganda but Bismarck’s was more effective because the economy was doing better.

Question 39

What was the Kulturkampf?

Answer 39

It was a campaign against the Catholic Church initiated by Bismarck. During this campaign, education was supervised by government officials, Jesuits were kicked out, and all marriages had to be done through the state.

Question 40

Who is William II?

Answer 40

He is the son of William I who forced Bismarck, in his old age, to resign. His aggressive militarization and negotiation paved the way to Hitler. Additionally, he built a huge navy to protect colonies abroad.