Chapter 10 - Greece Flashcards
In order, list the timeline of Ancient Greece.
Aegean Bronze Age Greek Dark Ages Archaic Period Classical Period Hellenistic Period Late Hellenistic/Greco-Roman
What time period was the Aegean Bronze Age?
The Aegean Bronze Age lasted from 3000 B.C.E to 2000 B.C.E.
What time period was the Greek Dark Ages?
The Greek Dark Ages lasted from 1100 B.C.E to 700 B.C.E.
What time period was the Classical Period?
The Classical Period lasted from 480 B.C.E to 323 B.C.E.
What time period was the Hellenistic Period?
The Hellenistic Period lasted from 323 B.C.E to 146 B.C.E.
What are Frescoes?
Frescoes are watercolor paintings done on wet plaster.
What caused Greece to plunge into the Dark Ages?
The beginning of the Greek Dark Ages is largely attributed to the fall of the Mycenaean World.
Attackers who wore blue and came from the north attacked Egypt. What did the Egyptians refer to them as? What are some theories on who they are?
Egyptians referred to these attackers as “sea people” and it is theorized that they are either Mycenaeans or a coalition of various coast civilizations.
How much of the population was lost during the Greek Dark Ages?
1/10th of the population was lost during the Greek Dark Ages.
What were also some downsides of the Greek Dark Ages?
The Greek Dark Ages also resulted in a loss of materials skills, loss of some more elevated arts, including writing, and a loss of contact with the outside world. Also, there was the destruction and abandonment of many Bronze Age civilization sites.
Who was Homer?
Ancient Greeks believed Homer to be the author of two Epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
What is the true value of these two epics?
Their true value is in their cultural influence.
What style are these two Epics written in?
The two Epics are written in Dactylic hexameter, which is a long breath followed by two short bursts of breath.
What is a polis?
A polis (Plural: poleis) is another word for city-state.
What were women’s roles in poleis?
Women had no political rights and were excluded from public life.
What legendary king united Athens and created a monarchy?
Theseus united Athens and created a monarchy.
Who overturned the long succession of kings?
The archons, aristocrats, overturned the long succession of kings.
Who is Draco?
Draco, at the time, was the Archon (highest official) who quelled the unrest with the lower classes by establishing a harsh law code. The word Draconian now refers to harsh because of his strict laws.
Who is Solon and what reforms did he introduce?
Solon was, at the time, the Archon who introduced several reforms such as the abolishment of serfdom, a system where peasants owed service and loyalty to their landowners. He also established a council of 400 representatives. This paved the way for Athenian democracy.
Who seized power and established himself as a tyrant?
Pisistratus seized power and established himself as a tyrant.
Who established the ten tribes that were not chosen based on social division and whose council also consisted of people form other parts of Attica?
Cleisthenes established the ten tribes during a time of struggle for power between people who wanted democracy and people who wanted rule by elites.
Where was the city-state of Sparta located?
Sparta was located in the fertile plains of the Peloponnesus.
What was the political system like in Sparta?
The Spartan political system consisted of 2 kings, never tyrants, who were commanders of the military as well as religious leaders.
Who kept social order as a lawgiver in Sparta?
Lycurgus kept social order as a lawgiver in Sparta.
What were the three social classes in Sparta?
The three Spartan social classes were the Spartans (Spartiates), the Perioikoi, and the Helots.
Who were the Helots?
Helots were not slaves, but possessed no rights. They were owned by the Spartan state and held up society because they were the only ones who provided food. Every year, Sparta declared war on them to establish dominance. Any helot could be killed without punishment.
What war were the Helots first captured and during what war were they freed?
The Helots were captured in the 1st Messenia War and freed during the Battle of Leuctra. Some won their freedom by fighting in the army.
What happened to Spartan children at ages 7-8?
Spartan boys went to live in the barracks where they would be trained to be members of the Spartan military and the girls would go to school at the same age so they could be taught how to raise a man.
What is Oligarchy?
Oligarchy is when power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite.
What is an Aristocracy?
Aristocracy is rule by a hereditary elite.
What happened during the first Persian War?
Darius sought to punish Athens and the rest of Hellas for their involvement in the Ionian Revolt, sparking the Battle of Marathon. The Greeks were heavily outnumbered their forces were 8000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeas but still prevailed as the victor.
What are Lekythos?
Lekythos is small pottery used for perfume and oil, sometimes used in funeral to cover odor and for tears.
What famous playwright founded tragedy?
Aeschylus founded tragedy.
What happened during the 2nd Persian War?
Xerxes attempts a second invasion on the Hellas. In the Battle of Thermopylae, there were 300 Spartans and 700 Perioikois (?) under the command of Leonidas. Though Persia won, Greece strategically bought time.
What happened during the Battle of Salamis?
378 Greek ships fought in this naval battle. The straits were known as the Straits of Salamis. Battle named after the island of Salamis. Artemisia I of Caria, Queen of Halicarnassus, commanded 5 ships. Greece won this battle.
What is the Delian League?
The Delian League was formed by Greece in order to discourage further Persian action in Greece. Each member provided financial support for the building of ships but some of it was put towards the Acropolis. This outrage for the misleading use of funds caused the Peloponnesian War.
Why were the Persian Wars culturally significant to the Ancient Greeks?
They were culturally significant because of a united Hellas against the Barbarians plus a perception of greatness.
Who is Themistocles and what happened to him?
Themistocles was an Athenian general who led Greek forces in the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized and then left to Persia. Xerxes appointed him governor (satrap) of Magnesia in Asia Minor.
What is ostracism?
Ostracism was banishment from Athens for 10 years after a leader received more than 6,000 votes on an ostraca.
What was a significant Spartan disadvantage during the Peloponnesian War?
At the time, Sparta had no navy.
How was Athen’s port (Piraeus) protected?
Athens built long walls to protect the port.
What years did the Peloponnesian War take place? Why did the war occur?
The Peloponnesian War took place from 431 B.C.E to 404 B.C.E. (27 years).
It occurred because it was believed that Athens had too much power with the Delian League in place especially after they redirected funds to a building project when they were supposed to go towards a fleet.
What was the first phase of the Peloponnesian War?
In the first phase, Archidamos II of Sparta annually marched his army into Attica, destroying their harvest. This forced 30,000 people into Athens, causing a widespread plague within the city, killing Pericles. Next, General Brasidas of Sparta occupied the city-state of Megara, home to Amphipolis. The battle in this city killed Brasidas and Keon, two generals very involved in the war.
What came of Brasidas and Keon’s death?
It started the Peace of Nikias, broken by Greece’s Siege of Melos, an island who refused to acknowledge Athenian authority. This violent siege destroyed Athen’s reputation and started Phase 2.
What was the turning point of the war?
The turning point was the Sicily Disaster, a failed attack on Syracuse. This was in the 2nd phase of the war.
Who was Alcibiades?
Alcibiades was an Athenian general recalled back to home to be executed but instead fled to Sparta, where they were informed of the upcoming attack on Syracuse. He left to Persia after being exiled from Sparta for sleeping with one of the king’s wives. In Persia, he became advisor to a satrap. Alcibiades was invited back to Athens but was then ostracized.
What happened in the third phase of the Peloponnesian War?
In the third phase, Cyrus II lends Sparta a fleet for the Battle of Aegospotami. This was the end of the war and Sparta emerged victorious.
What happened during the Corinthian War? Why did the war occur?
Corinth, Argos, Thebes, and Athens all teamed up to fight Sparta in this war. Thebes ascended as the victor. In the war, Sparta lost 400 out of 700 Spartiates as well as their Helots during the battle of Leuctra. It occurred because several Greek city-states agreed that Sparta had too much power after winning the Peloponnesian War.
Who led Athens at the Battle of Marathon?
Miltaides led Athens at the Battle of Marathon.
What was type of helmet that Miltaides wore?
Miltaides wore a Corinthian helmet.
What type of terrain caused difficulties for Persian armies?
Marshes caused Persian troops hardships.
Who is Delphi?
Delphi is an oracle of Apollo who was visited by the Greeks before the 2nd Persian War. The prophecies claimed they would all die and that they needed to build a wooden wall. Greece won.
What portion of the Athenian population was killed by the plague in the Peloponnesian War?
1/4th of the population died to the plague.
Who ran the Delian League?
Pericles ran the Delian League.
In what battle did the Helots revolt?
The Helots revolted in the Battle of Hysiae.
What happened in 323 B.C.E?
Alexander the Great died.
What was the main type of fighting force used by Archidamus II?
Hoplites were the main type of fighting force used by Archidamus II.
What were some of the items the Hoplites were equipped with?
Hoplites wore a Corinthian helmet, a Hoplon shield, a leaf-shaped short sword, a spear, breastplate, greaves, and a Khlamus. (cloth)
What was the aim of Hoplite warfare?
The aim of Hoplite warfare was the possession of the field.
Where were most casualties in warfare?
Most casualties happened where the armies first meet.
What are Hoplites?
Hoplites are heavy foot soldiers.
What are the 3 basic styles/orders of architecture?
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian the 3 basic styles/orders of architecture.
What are Hoplomachoi?
Hoplomachoi are private tutors in the field of military training. They were often ridiculed because it was believed that becoming a soldier wasn’t something that could be taught.
Where did the generals fight in battle?
The generals fought in the middle of the front row.
What was the most important quality in a general?
The most important quality in a general had to be their moral character.
Who were the Peltasts?
Peltasts were javelin throwers who became popular military units after the Peloponnesian War. They were equipped with a crescent moon shield.
Who were the Sacred Band?
The Sacred Band was composed of 300 Theban homosexual men who were paired with their sexual partner. This band was undefeated until the Battle of Chaeronea.
What battle shattered the mythos of Spartan invincibility?
The Battle of Leuctra shattered the mythos of Spartan invincibility.
What is the most simple style of architecture?
Doric is the most simple style of architecture.
Where does Doric originate from?
Doric originates from the Greek mainland.
Where is the colonnade located?
The colonnade is located in between the Frieze and Capital.
What structure makes up the majority of a column?
The shaft makes up the majority of the column.
What distinguishes the capitals in the 3 styles?
Doric capitals are plain. Ionic capitals are scroll-like and have swirls. Corinthian capitals had curled masonry and were decorated with or had carved acanthus leaves.
Who adopted Corinthian architecture?
The Romans adopted Corinthian architecture.
What part about the Doric Frieze distinguishes it from the Ionic and Corinthian Frieze?
The Doric Frieze does not have an uninterrupted band, unlike the Ionic and Corinthian Capital.
Where is the Capital located?
The Capital is on top of the Shaft.
What triangular structure makes up the upper part of the front of a building?
The Pediment makes up the upper part of the front of a building.
In battle, what military unit made up the wings?
Calvary made up the wings in battle.
When was architecture Corinthian?
Corinthian architecture was utilized during the 4th century in the Peloponnesus.
What style did the U.S. government adopt?
The U.S. Government copied the Romans, and the Romans used the Corinthian Style.
What time period starts after Alexander’s death?
The Hellenistic Period started when Alexander died.
What is the difference between the Spartiate shield and the Perioikoi shield?
There is no difference between the Spartiate and Perioikoi shield.
What letter is depicted on Spartan shields?
The Greek letter for L, lambda, is depicted on Spartan shields.
What were some weaknesses of the Hoplites?
They were vulnerable to being flanked and were amateurs.
What was the Athenian port that was connected to the long walls Athens?
Piraeus was the Athenian port.
What are Phalanx?
Phalanx are massive tactical formations of heavy infantry.
What years did Alexander the Great live?
Alexander the Great lived from 356 B.C.E to 323 B.C.E.
Why was Marathon chosen for a battlefield?
It was chosen because it had flat terrain for the Persian’s large calvary force. Flat terrain like plains were easy for horses to navigate.
Why was there a 10 year gap between the Ionian Revolt and the Battle of Marathon?
There was a 10 year gap because Persia’s navy was damaged during the revolt and needed to be repaired.
Under the leadership of who did Athens become a prosperous and sophisticated city-state?
This happened under the leadership of Pericles.
What was the name of the military training in Sparta?
The training was known as Agoge training.
Why was stealing encouraged in Spartan military training?
Stealing was encouraged because it formed aggression.
Who is Leonidas?
Leonidas was the commander of the Greeks during the battle of Thermopylae. He was Spartan. Leonidas commanded 300 Spartans and 700 periokoi with a total of 7000 hoplites.
What did Greeks do with armor when they won a battle?
They made a trophy pile with armor that they would then damage so that it could not be used again.
Who were the two military architects from Thebes?
The two military architects from Thebes were Epaminondas and Pelopidas.
What was the name of the ship popular for ramming and its agility?
The ship was known as a Trireme.
What divides the scenes on the Frieze of a Doric building?
Metopes divide the scenes on the Frieze of Doric buildings.
Where was the base located on Doric buildings?
There was no base on Doric buildings.
- Compare and contrast Minoan, Mycenaean, and Dark Age art
Minoan art depicts women possibly possessing additional rights, sea life, religion as represented as a bull, people enjoying themselves, and bright colors. Mycenaean art often depicted war in a geometric style. In the Dark Ages, less resources were devoted to art which led to less intricate pieces.
- Compare and contrast Athenian and Spartan society
A major difference between Athens and Sparta is their form of government. Sparta is an oligarchy with 2 kings in place, never tyrants of any sort. They were religious leaders and also military commanders. Athens formerly had a monarchy, as founded by Theseus. Later, this long succession of kings was overthrown by the Archons, forming an aristocracy. Subsequent reforms like Solon’s council of representatives paved the way to democracy.
- Discuss the effects of geography on Greek history.
Three aspects of Greek geography that had an effect on Greek history were mountains, climate, and the sea being close to most places in Greece. This made maritime trade a prominent part of Greece’s economy.
Were the Minoans Greek?
The Minoans were not Greek.
What are the three main theories regarding the disappearance of the Minoans?
The three main theories regarding the disappearance of the Minoans were volcanic eruptions, Mycenaean invasion, and deforestation .
What form of military power did the Minoans excel in?
The Minoans were a naval power.
What are the three main theories regarding the disappearance of the Mycenaeans?
The three main theories regarding the disappearance of the Mycenaeans are famine, organized groups from Thessaly, and a Dorian invasion.
Where did the Minoans get their name from?
The namesake for the Minoans was Minos, a legendary king.
