Chapter 23 - England

Question 1

When did Martin Luther commence his revolt against the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer 1

Martin Luther, a German monk, commenced his revolt in 1517.

Question 2

What led to the increased greed and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer 2

The increased power and wealth was the cause of the increased greed and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 3

What were some of Martin Luther’s talking points against the church?

Answer 3

Martin Luther attacked the Church on the issues of indulgences, their authority, and because of the Bible being available only in Latin.

Question 4

What are indulgences and why did Martin Luther have a problem with them?

Answer 4

Indulgences were the Church forgiving you or a family member’s sins. The Church would charge a fee for this process. Martin Luther argued that indulgences had no place in the Bible and that Christians could only be saved by faith.

Question 5

Where did Martin Luther allegedly nail his 95 theses regarding the Church?

Answer 5

He allegedly nailed his 95 theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany.

Question 6

How was Martin Luther punished for his actions?

Answer 6

Though Martin Luther never intended to separate from the Church, he was forced to when he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, declared him an outlaw and ordered his books to be burned. Charles V mainly did this to appease the pope.

Question 7

What was the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 7

In the 1500s, Northern Europeans called for the Church to be reformed. These requests subsequently unleashed forces that shattered Christian unity. This was known as the Protestant Reformation.

Question 8

In England and France respectively, how did the king play a role in religion?

Answer 8

In England, the kind was head of the Church. In France, the king was Catholic unlike his constituents which led to some unease.

Question 9

Who was Henry VIII?

Answer 9

He was an English king who is largely attributed to the procession of the English reformation. Henry sought to annul his marriage with his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she did not bear a male heir. Instead she bore a daughter, Mary Tudor. When the pope refused to annul the marriage, Henry took over the English Church.

Question 10

Who was Mary Tudor and how did she earn the nickname, Bloody Mary?

Answer 10

Mary Tudor was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She had conflicts with her cousin over which one would inherit the throne and become the next Queen of England. Mary is victorious and beheads her cousin. As Queen, Mary tried to restore Catholicism in England (father was Anglican) and terrorized non-Catholics. Mary’s slaughter of non-Catholics led to her receiving the nickname, Bloody Mary.

Question 11

How and why did Elizabeth I become Queen of England?

Answer 11

Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, a noblewomen who Henry wanted to marry after his previous wife Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth I became queen after Mary Tudor because Mary did not have a male heir.

Question 12

Who was John Calvin?

Answer 12

John Calvin was a French lawyer and reformer who preached predestination, the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation and go to heaven and who wouldn’t. He established a Christian community in Geneva, Switzerland because he had issues with the French monarchy.

Question 13

Why would Calvinists attempt to live a saintly life if they believed it was already set in stone who would and would not go to heaven?

Answer 13

They attempted to live saintly lives to demonstrate that they were among those God had selected.

Question 14

What was the Council of Trent?

Answer 14

It was an assembly of high Church officials that was formed when the Roman Catholic Church decided to undertake reforms of their own because so many sects and groups were splitting off. This council acknowledged the Church’s abuses, established schools and seminaries, addressed doctrine and reform, and enforced a strict moral code.

Question 15

Who founded the Jesuits?

Answer 15

A Spanish knight named St. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. He was a nobleman from Basque (Northern Spain) and sustained a leg wound from battle. His society traveled to distant lands as missionaries and advised Catholic rulers in attempt to stamp out heresy.

Question 16

What were witch hunts?

Answer 16

Witch hunts were events that involved accusing, trying, and ultimately executing those who are suspected of witchcraft. A significant set of trials took place in Salem in New England.

Question 17

Who was Charles V?

Answer 17

Charles I, the king of Spain, assumed the name Charles V when he inherited the Hapsburg (Holy Roman) Empire because there had already been 4 previous Charles’. He was a Catholic and as emperor, he suppressed Protestantism in Germany and pushed Muslim Ottomans in Europe back into Turkey. The task of ruling to scattered empires proved to be impossible so he eventually gave up his crown. Spain, the Netherlands, and Spain’s overseas empire were given to Phillip II, his son.

Question 18

What was Phillip II’s main goal as king of Spain?

Answer 18

Throughout his 42 year reign, his main goal was to advance Spanish Catholic power in Europe. Philip believed that his right to rule came from God.

Question 19

What happened in the 1588 Invasion of England?

Answer 19

Phillip II of Spain saw Elizabeth I of England as a threat and as a Protestant enemy. He sent a huge armada to England in 1588 but failed because his ships were outmaneuvered by the much faster English ships. England utilized fire ships, small boats that contained tar, were lit on fire and sent out into the battlefield. In the Battle of Gravelines, England had superior weapons that allowed them to keep their distance. 67 out of 130 Spanish ships were destroyed. The remainder of the armada retreated home.

Question 20

What happened to Spain after the Invasion of England?

Answer 20

Spain’s failure to invade England marked the beginning of the end of Spain’s glory. None of Phillip II’s successors ruled as well as he did. Spain suffered several economic problems as well. Their reliance on American treasure caused them to neglect farming and commerce. Spain’s expulsion of Muslims and Jews caused the country to lose many of its artisans and merchants.

Question 21

What started the 30 Year’s War and what did the war result in?

Answer 21

The war was started when the Holy Roman Empire attempted to force people to return to the Roman Catholic Church. The groups of mercenaries that were hired during the war stayed around after and began to capture cities and start conflicts among themselves.

Question 22

Who is Charles I of England?

Answer 22

He dissolved parliament because it tried to expand powers due to the economic crisis at the time. Charles later calls parliament back into session because he needed funds to continue fighting Scotland.

Question 23

What happened in the English Civil War?

Answer 23

16th century English kings attempted to tax the public without approval of Parliament. This served as a challenge to absolutism, Charles I’s belief. The war that followed saw the Cavaliers (wealthy noblemen who were well trained in cavalry and supporters of Charles) combat the Roundheads (Parliament supporters led by Oliver Cromwell). Oliver Cromwell won and the House of Lords, who supported Charles, was wiped out. Now only the House of Commons, who supported Cromwell, remained. Charles I was tried for tyranny and was later executed. This was the first time in history a European monarch had been executed.

Question 24

How did Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth rule England?

Answer 24

Under Cromwell, Parliament abolishes monarchy and declared England a republic. The Puritans, Cromwell supporters and Anglicans who wanted to purify the church, banned the use of theaters and taverns. When a group known as the Levellers arose, a politcal movement that wanted the poor to participate more in government, Cromwell suppressed them. He then began ruling as a dictator and assumed the title “Lord Protector.”

Question 25

How did Charles II become king?

Answer 25

Though his uprising from Ireland and Scotland was crushed by Cromwell, Parliament invited him back from exile when Cromwell died. Following this death, the Puritans lost control and the Commonwealth. Charles II reopened bars and theaters, reestablished Church of England, encouraged tolerance of Protestant groups, and avoided clashing with parliament because he was an absolutist.

Question 26

What happened in the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 26

The Puritans form a regime and take power. They soon become a dictatorship and the parliament restored monarchy. Kings and parliament resumed their hostilities. The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless exchange of power in which James II, Catholic son of Charles II, was replaced with William and Mary of Orange, French noblemen, in order to prevent another commonwealth from taking power. James II actually fled England due to threat of execution for his killings of non-Catholics.

Question 27

How was early capitalism supported?

Answer 27

It was supported with a variety of institutions and services, such as banks. Banks granted loans, appeared in all major commercial cities in Europe, held on to funds for safekeeping, and published business newsletters. These newsletters updated readers on prices and other news that could impact business.

Question 28

How did serfdom affect the rise of capitalism?

Answer 28

Serfdom in the middle ages emerged as a labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or fleeing without the owner’s permission. This practice later ended in Western Europe. Eastern Europe, however, tightened regulations on peasants. The government of Russia passed a law that provided tight state control over the Russian labor force that restricted geographical mobility.

Question 29

What happened in the Seven Years’ War?

Answer 29

Commercial rivalries among nations around the globe led to the Seven Years’ War. It laid the foundation for subsequent British imperialist domination. In North America, this war merged with another war known as the French and Indian War. Britain fought little in Europe as a result but their Prussian allies held off enemies that sought to conquer Prussia. Britain did possess a large navy and was able to defeat their own enemies. Britain won the war.

Question 30

[ESSAY] How did the English Civil War impact Europe?

[IN THE CONCLUSION, MENTION THAT ABSOLUTISM WAS QUESTIONED AND THAT IT INSPIRED REFORMATIONS THROUGHOUT EUROPE]]

Answer 30

First, the English Civil War ended in the execution of Charles I. He was captured and tried for tyranny by parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell. This sent shockwaves around Europe because it was the first time a monarch had been executed. As a result of this execution, leaders around Europe ruled differently out of fear. Some got more strict. Next, Oliver Cromwell took power and formed the commonwealth and had parliament abolish monarchy. There was no more House of Lords and only the House of Commons remained because their members were the ones who supported Cromwell. Finally, the Puritans (supporters of Cromwell) were also in power following the English Civil War. They were Anglicans who wanted to purify the Church. As a result, they prohibited the use of taverns or theaters.

Question 31

[ESSAY] Religion has had a profound effect on the history of the world, including Europe. How has religion influenced Europe or Russia during this time period?

Answer 31

The Protestant Reformation shook Europe and created a variety of new sects and religions that fiercely divided the lands. Lutherism divided the Catholic Church and Calvinism’s belief in predestination divided Lutherism. This Reformation indirectly caused wars based on religion such as the 1588 Invasion of England, in which Phillip II saw Elizabeth I of England as a Protestant enemy. Next, the English Reformation started when King Henry VIII took over the entire English Church as an act of defiance against the pope. Henry defied the pope because he refused to annul Henry’s marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Finally, the Catholic Church made some reforms of their own. Due to so many groups such as the Lutherans and Calvinists splitting off, the Catholic Church felt obliged to establish the Council of Trent, which enforced a strict moral code, acknowledged the Church’s abuses, addressed doctrine and reform, and established schools and seminaries.

Question 32

[ESSAY] How did the Renaissance influence the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 32

During the Renaissance, people began to look to Greece and Rome (their literature and history) for answers rather than looking to the Church. Renaissance artists were heavily inspired by Greece and Rome. Next, the printing press was invented. It allowed more people to have access to books because they were cheaper now. Books now allowed people to come to their own conclusions and make up their own minds regarding certain aspects of the church. Finally, humanists focused on human experience instead of afterlife. They were the ones who began to question the church.