Chapter 28:Reproductive System Flashcards
Lobules are located in the _______ and have compartments containing seminiferous tubules.
testes
Sertoli (nurse) cells are supporting cells that protect and secrete nutrients for developing _____(testes).
sperm
Spermatogonia are stem cells that produce more spermatogonia and primary ___________(testes).
spermatocytes
Lexdig (interstitial) cells produce ___________(testes).
testosterone
Sperm production lasts __ to__ days and occurs from ___till death. (spermatogenesis)
65-75
puberty
When spermatogonia (2N) undergoes Mitosis what does it produce? (spermatogenesis)
Two daughter cells:
1 Primary ___________(diploid)
1 Spermatogonium
spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I to form 2 __________ spermatocytes ( 1N). (spermatogenesis)
secondary
The 2 secondary spermatocytes undergoes Meiosis II to form ____ spermatids (haploid) which are joined by cytoplasmic bridges. (spermatogenesis).
four
In the sperm anatomy the head contains the ________ and acrosome.
nucleus
The tail of the sperm contains flagellum for __________..
locomotion
What part of the sperm contains the mitochondria for power?
Midpiece
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the _______ pituitary. (hormonal control)
anterior
Leutonizing hormone stimulates lexdig cells to secrete __________. (hormonal control)
testosterone
Follicle stimulating hormone works with _________ on Sertoli Cells to control rate of spermatogenesis. (hormonal control)
testosterone
Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis and secondary ______ characteristics.
sexual
Seminal vesicles is a pouch like structure posterior to bladder just above the rectum that produces 60 % of _____ volume.
semen
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
Alkaline fluid containing _______.
Prostaglandins.
Clotting ________.
fructose
proteins
Prostate gland is located at the base of the bladder and surrounds the ______. It produces 25% of semen.
urethra
What does the prostate gland secrete?
A slightly acidic fluid containing seminal plasma and ________.
enzymes
Prostate gland contributes to _____ motility and viability
sperm
Bulborethral (cowper’s) gland is the size of a pea and is located on either side of the ______ below the prostate.
urethra
What does the bulborethral gland secrete?
An alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment in _______ and lubricating mucus.
urethra
Semen is a mixture of sperms and _______ fluid.
seminal
Mean volume of semen is __-5ml.
2.5
Sperm count is normally between 20-___ million/ml.
100
Low sperm count is considered
20
Normal pH of sperm is between 7.2-___.
7.7
Sperm contains _________ to kill bacteria in urethra and vagina.
antibiotic
An erection is a _________ reflex.
Parasympathetic
During an erection Nitric oxide (NO) is released to cause _________.
vasodilation.
The corpura fills with blood, putting pressure on _____ that normally drain the penis.
veins
Priapism is a sustained ________.
erection
Ejaculations is a ___ reflex
Sympathetic
Germination epithelium covers the ______.
ovaries
The ______ contain a capsules of dense connective tissue called tunica albunea.
ovaries
The ______ contain dense connective tissue containing ovarian follicles called ovarian cortex.
ovaries
The ovaries contain loose connective tissue containing _____ and lymph, vessels and nerves called Ovarian medulla.
blood
What are the supporting cells that surround the ovarian follicles?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells (single cell layer) Granulosa cells ( later, multiple cells. thick)
Follicular
Ovarian follicles secretes ________ for developing oocyte and secretes estrogens.
nutrients
Corpus luteum is the remains of the ovulated mature follicle.
Produces __________, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin oogenesis.
progesterone
Ovarian germ cells differentiate into____.
Oogonia
During Mitosis oogonium develops into 1 oogonium and 1 _______ oocyte (diploid).
Primary oocytes enter into Prophase I of Meiosis I during fetal ___________ and stop.
A primary oocyte (after puberty) develops into 1 polar body and 1 __________ oocyte (diploid).
primary
development
secondary
When is Meiosis I completed in females?
After puberty
Each month after ovarian cycle begins a _______ oocyte will resume Meiosis I to form a secondary _____ and a polar body.
primary
oocyte
During ovulation the secondary _______ is released from the mature follicle.
The secondary oocyte degenerates if __________ does not occur.
oocyte
fertilization
Meiosis II is only completed if ___________ occurs.
fertilization
If fertilization does occur the secondary oocyte resumes meiosis I I forming ___ and ____.
Ovum
Polar body.
Ovum
Polar body
A zygote is formed when ______ and egg nuclei fuse?
sperm
Small tubes that extend from ovaries to uterus.
Fallopian tubes
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
Transport the secondary oocyte to _____ via cilia and muscular contractions.
uterus
Fertilization usually occurs in the ________ tubes.
Fallopian
Located between the urinary bladder and rectum.
Uterus
The uterus is the site of what three things?
Implantation of zygote, development of _____ and labor
fetus
Uterus is composed of what three parts?
Fundus
Body
Cervix
Fundus
Body
Cervix
Part of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Cervix
Myometrium is the middle layer of uterus, 3 layers of smooth ______.
muscle
Inner layer of uterus. Highly vascular contains spiral arteries and uterine glands
Endometrium
Average length of female cycle
28 days
Maturation of ooctye
Ovarian cycle
Preparation of endometrium for implantation
Menstrual cycle
Hormonal regulation is controlled by ______ from th ____
Gonadotropin releasing hormone.
Hypothalamus
GnRA stimulates the release of ___&____ from the _____
FSH &LH
Anterior pituitary
FSH initiates ___ ____ and secretion of ____
Follicular growth.
Estrogens
Stimulates further development of the follicle, full secretion of Estrogens, ovulation, development of corpus lu team and the production of hormones.
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
________ promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive syructures, secondary sexual characteristics and breast development.
Estrogen
Estrogen. Increases ______ anabolism and lowers blood cholesterol.
Protein
Estrogen inhibits the release of what two hormones?
FSH and __
LH
Progesterone is secreted by ______ luteum and acts synergistically with estrogen for endometrial development
corpus
Progesterone helps maintain ________.
pregnancy
Progesterone _______ the release of GnRH.
inhibits
Relaxin is released by _____ luteum.
corpus
Three functions of relaxin:
- Relaxes ______ to improve chances of implantation.
- During pregnancy is released by placenta and relaxes uterus for _____ growth.
- Increases flexibility of pubic symphonic at end of pregnacy..
uterus
fetal
Inhibin is secreted by growing follicle and ______ luteum.
corpus
Inhibin _______ secretion of FSH
inhibits
_______ phase is the beginning of the cycle.
Lasts 5 days.
Several follicles mature into secondary follicles
Menstrual
During menstrual flow what is shed and why?
Endometrial lining due to lack of _________.
Consists of 50-150 ml of blood, fluid and tissue.
progesterone
Between menstruation and ovulation follicles continue to grow under influence of FSH in the ___-ovulatory phase.
pre
What happens around day six of the pre-ovulatory
phase?
One follicle outgrows the others.
The dominant follicle secretes ______ and inhibin.
FSH levels decrease.
The other follicles undergo atresia and the endometrial lining thickens.
estrogen
LH increases at the end of the ___-ovulatory phase.
pre
On what day does ovulation generally occur?
Day 14
During _________ secondary oocyte is released nine hours after LH spike and travels into fallopian tubes or is lost in abdominal cavity.
ovulation
Post ovulatory phase lasts about __ days
14
During the post ovulatory phase LH stimulates the ruptured follicle to become what?
Corpus ______
luteum
What does the corpus luteum secrete during post ovulatory phase?
_________, some estrogen, relaxin and inhibin
Progesterone
What hormones stimulate growth of endometrium? Why does it need to thicken? When is it the thickest?
_________ and progesterone. In preparation for implantation.
Is thickest about one week after ovulation.
.Estrogens
If the oocyte is not fertilized the ____ _____ only survives about 2 weeks.
Corpus luteum
If the oocyte is not fertilized what hormones decrease? Increase?
Progesterone and _______ decrease.
GnRH &FSH increase.
estrogen
If oocyte is fertilized where does the embryo implant and what hormone does it produce?
The endometrial lining.
_____ _______ gonadotropin.
Human chorionic (hcG)
___ stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum.
hcG
What happens to the corpus luteum after fertilization?
It continues to secrete _______ and pregnancy develops
hormones
Spermatozoa are stored primarily in the __________.
epididymis
Vas deferens __________ and stores spermatozoa.
transports
_______ vesicles secrete into the ejaculatory duct.
Seminal
