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A&P2 > Chapter 28:Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28:Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Lobules are located in the _______ and have compartments containing seminiferous tubules.

A

testes

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2
Q

Sertoli (nurse) cells are supporting cells that protect and secrete nutrients for developing _____(testes).

A

sperm

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3
Q

Spermatogonia are stem cells that produce more spermatogonia and primary ___________(testes).

A

spermatocytes

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4
Q

Lexdig (interstitial) cells produce ___________(testes).

A

testosterone

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5
Q

Sperm production lasts __ to__ days and occurs from ___till death. (spermatogenesis)

A

65-75

puberty

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6
Q

When spermatogonia (2N) undergoes Mitosis what does it produce? (spermatogenesis)

Two daughter cells:
1 Primary ___________(diploid)
1 Spermatogonium

A

spermatocyte

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7
Q

Primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I to form 2 __________ spermatocytes ( 1N). (spermatogenesis)

A

secondary

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8
Q

The 2 secondary spermatocytes undergoes Meiosis II to form ____ spermatids (haploid) which are joined by cytoplasmic bridges. (spermatogenesis).

A

four

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9
Q

In the sperm anatomy the head contains the ________ and acrosome.

A

nucleus

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10
Q

The tail of the sperm contains flagellum for __________..

A

locomotion

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11
Q

What part of the sperm contains the mitochondria for power?

A

Midpiece

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12
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the _______ pituitary. (hormonal control)

A

anterior

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13
Q

Leutonizing hormone stimulates lexdig cells to secrete __________. (hormonal control)

A

testosterone

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14
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone works with _________ on Sertoli Cells to control rate of spermatogenesis. (hormonal control)

A

testosterone

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15
Q

Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis and secondary ______ characteristics.

A

sexual

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16
Q

Seminal vesicles is a pouch like structure posterior to bladder just above the rectum that produces 60 % of _____ volume.

A

semen

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17
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

Alkaline fluid containing _______.
Prostaglandins.
Clotting ________.

A

fructose

proteins

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18
Q

Prostate gland is located at the base of the bladder and surrounds the ______. It produces 25% of semen.

A

urethra

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19
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A slightly acidic fluid containing seminal plasma and ________.

A

enzymes

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20
Q

Prostate gland contributes to _____ motility and viability

A

sperm

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21
Q

Bulborethral (cowper’s) gland is the size of a pea and is located on either side of the ______ below the prostate.

A

urethra

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22
Q

What does the bulborethral gland secrete?

An alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment in _______ and lubricating mucus.

A

urethra

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23
Q

Semen is a mixture of sperms and _______ fluid.

A

seminal

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24
Q

Mean volume of semen is __-5ml.

A

2.5

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25
Q

Sperm count is normally between 20-___ million/ml.

A

100

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26
Q

Low sperm count is considered

A

20

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27
Q

Normal pH of sperm is between 7.2-___.

A

7.7

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28
Q

Sperm contains _________ to kill bacteria in urethra and vagina.

A

antibiotic

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29
Q

An erection is a _________ reflex.

A

Parasympathetic

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30
Q

During an erection Nitric oxide (NO) is released to cause _________.

A

vasodilation.

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31
Q

The corpura fills with blood, putting pressure on _____ that normally drain the penis.

A

veins

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32
Q

Priapism is a sustained ________.

A

erection

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33
Q

Ejaculations is a ___ reflex

A

Sympathetic

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34
Q

Germination epithelium covers the ______.

A

ovaries

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35
Q

The ______ contain a capsules of dense connective tissue called tunica albunea.

A

ovaries

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36
Q

The ______ contain dense connective tissue containing ovarian follicles called ovarian cortex.

A

ovaries

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37
Q

The ovaries contain loose connective tissue containing _____ and lymph, vessels and nerves called Ovarian medulla.

A

blood

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38
Q

What are the supporting cells that surround the ovarian follicles?

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells (single cell layer)
Granulosa cells ( later, multiple cells. thick)
A

Follicular

39
Q

Ovarian follicles secretes ________ for developing oocyte and secretes estrogens.

A

nutrients

40
Q

Corpus luteum is the remains of the ovulated mature follicle.
Produces __________, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin oogenesis.

A

progesterone

41
Q

Ovarian germ cells differentiate into____.

A

Oogonia

42
Q

During Mitosis oogonium develops into 1 oogonium and 1 _______ oocyte (diploid).
Primary oocytes enter into Prophase I of Meiosis I during fetal ___________ and stop.
A primary oocyte (after puberty) develops into 1 polar body and 1 __________ oocyte (diploid).

A

primary
development
secondary

43
Q

When is Meiosis I completed in females?

A

After puberty

44
Q

Each month after ovarian cycle begins a _______ oocyte will resume Meiosis I to form a secondary _____ and a polar body.

A

primary

oocyte

45
Q

During ovulation the secondary _______ is released from the mature follicle.
The secondary oocyte degenerates if __________ does not occur.

A

oocyte

fertilization

46
Q

Meiosis II is only completed if ___________ occurs.

A

fertilization

47
Q

If fertilization does occur the secondary oocyte resumes meiosis I I forming ___ and ____.

Ovum
Polar body.

A

Ovum

Polar body

48
Q

A zygote is formed when ______ and egg nuclei fuse?

A

sperm

49
Q

Small tubes that extend from ovaries to uterus.

A

Fallopian tubes

50
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

Transport the secondary oocyte to _____ via cilia and muscular contractions.

A

uterus

51
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the ________ tubes.

A

Fallopian

52
Q

Located between the urinary bladder and rectum.

A

Uterus

53
Q

The uterus is the site of what three things?

Implantation of zygote, development of _____ and labor

A

fetus

54
Q

Uterus is composed of what three parts?

Fundus
Body
Cervix

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

55
Q

Part of the uterus that opens into the vagina

A

Cervix

56
Q

Myometrium is the middle layer of uterus, 3 layers of smooth ______.

A

muscle

57
Q

Inner layer of uterus. Highly vascular contains spiral arteries and uterine glands

A

Endometrium

58
Q

Average length of female cycle

A

28 days

59
Q

Maturation of ooctye

A

Ovarian cycle

60
Q

Preparation of endometrium for implantation

A

Menstrual cycle

61
Q

Hormonal regulation is controlled by ______ from th ____

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone.

Hypothalamus

62
Q

GnRA stimulates the release of ___&____ from the _____

A

FSH &LH

Anterior pituitary

63
Q

FSH initiates ___ ____ and secretion of ____

A

Follicular growth.

Estrogens

64
Q

Stimulates further development of the follicle, full secretion of Estrogens, ovulation, development of corpus lu team and the production of hormones.

A

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

65
Q

________ promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive syructures, secondary sexual characteristics and breast development.

A

Estrogen

66
Q

Estrogen. Increases ______ anabolism and lowers blood cholesterol.

A

Protein

67
Q

Estrogen inhibits the release of what two hormones?

FSH and __

A

LH

68
Q

Progesterone is secreted by ______ luteum and acts synergistically with estrogen for endometrial development

A

corpus

69
Q

Progesterone helps maintain ________.

A

pregnancy

70
Q

Progesterone _______ the release of GnRH.

A

inhibits

71
Q

Relaxin is released by _____ luteum.

A

corpus

72
Q

Three functions of relaxin:

  1. Relaxes ______ to improve chances of implantation.
  2. During pregnancy is released by placenta and relaxes uterus for _____ growth.
  3. Increases flexibility of pubic symphonic at end of pregnacy..
A

uterus

fetal

73
Q

Inhibin is secreted by growing follicle and ______ luteum.

A

corpus

74
Q

Inhibin _______ secretion of FSH

A

inhibits

75
Q

_______ phase is the beginning of the cycle.
Lasts 5 days.
Several follicles mature into secondary follicles

A

Menstrual

76
Q

During menstrual flow what is shed and why?

Endometrial lining due to lack of _________.
Consists of 50-150 ml of blood, fluid and tissue.

A

progesterone

77
Q

Between menstruation and ovulation follicles continue to grow under influence of FSH in the ___-ovulatory phase.

A

pre

78
Q

What happens around day six of the pre-ovulatory
phase?

One follicle outgrows the others.
The dominant follicle secretes ______ and inhibin.
FSH levels decrease.
The other follicles undergo atresia and the endometrial lining thickens.

A

estrogen

79
Q

LH increases at the end of the ___-ovulatory phase.

A

pre

80
Q

On what day does ovulation generally occur?

A

Day 14

81
Q

During _________ secondary oocyte is released nine hours after LH spike and travels into fallopian tubes or is lost in abdominal cavity.

A

ovulation

82
Q

Post ovulatory phase lasts about __ days

A

14

83
Q

During the post ovulatory phase LH stimulates the ruptured follicle to become what?

Corpus ______

A

luteum

84
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete during post ovulatory phase?

_________, some estrogen, relaxin and inhibin

A

Progesterone

85
Q

What hormones stimulate growth of endometrium? Why does it need to thicken? When is it the thickest?

_________ and progesterone. In preparation for implantation.
Is thickest about one week after ovulation.

A

.Estrogens

86
Q

If the oocyte is not fertilized the ____ _____ only survives about 2 weeks.

A

Corpus luteum

87
Q

If the oocyte is not fertilized what hormones decrease? Increase?

Progesterone and _______ decrease.
GnRH &FSH increase.

A

estrogen

88
Q

If oocyte is fertilized where does the embryo implant and what hormone does it produce?

The endometrial lining.
_____ _______ gonadotropin.

A

Human chorionic (hcG)

89
Q

___ stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum.

A

hcG

90
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum after fertilization?

It continues to secrete _______ and pregnancy develops

A

hormones

91
Q

Spermatozoa are stored primarily in the __________.

A

epididymis

92
Q

Vas deferens __________ and stores spermatozoa.

A

transports

93
Q

_______ vesicles secrete into the ejaculatory duct.

A

Seminal

A&P2 (13 decks)

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