Chapter 25: Metabolism and Energetics

Question 1

Breaks chemical bonds, breaks molecules down into smaller molecules, and releases energy stored as chemical bonds

Answer 1

Catabolism

Question 2

Formation of bonds, builds nutrient molecules into largeer compounds needed by the body, and energy usually takes form of ATP.

Answer 2

Anabolism

Question 3

Loss of electrons. Removal of hydrogens.

Answer 3

Oxidation

Question 4

Gain of electrons. Gain of hydrogens.

Answer 4

Reduction

Question 5

Carbohydrates are composed of ______,______,________

Answer 5

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Question 6

In carbohydrate metabolism, glucose enters the cell by _________ diffusion , and is then phosphorylated , thus preventing it from leaving the cell

Answer 6

facilitated

Question 7

Series of 10 reactions which break down glucose down into two 3 carbon molecules.

Answer 7

Glycolysis

Question 8

Glycolosis occurs in ________, doesn’t require oxygen, and electrons are removed from glucose.

Answer 8

cytoplasm

Question 9

Glycolysis requires 2 ATP, converts glucose into ________, and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Answer 9

pyruvate

Question 10

Function of the Kreb’s cycle

Answer 10

To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Question 11

Steps in Kreb’s Cycle

Answer 11

Acetyl Coa combines with oxaloacetate
Citic acid goes through a series of reactions
Electrons are removed in 4 steps
ATP is produced

Question 12

Occurs in mitochondrion, takes electrons away from carriers and gives them to a series of electron carriers, involves oxidative phosphrylation.

Answer 12

Electron Transport System

Question 13

The final yield of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose is ___

Answer 13

36

Question 14

Occurs as long as there are free NAD to give electrons to glycolysis, electrons are given back to pyruvate, this forms lactic acid in humans.

Answer 14

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 15

For every NADH that gives electrons to ETS, ___ ATP are formed

Answer 15

3

Question 16

For every FADH that gives electrons, ___ ATP are formed.

Answer 16

2`

Question 17

Formation of new glucose molecules, ,ade from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol.
Primarily on liver and occurs in response to fasting, starvation, very low carb intake or endocrine disorder.

Answer 17

Gluconeogenesis

Question 18

Formation of glycogen from glucose, in liver and skeletal muscles.

Answer 18

Glycogenesis

Question 19

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

Answer 19

Glycogenolysis

Question 20

Most of the body’s reserves are stored in the form of ________.

Answer 20

Triglycerides

Question 21

Beta oxidation is a sequence of reactions in which fatty acid molecules are broken down into two-carbon acetic fragments, and ___and NAD are reduced.

Answer 21

FAD

Question 22

The synthesis of lipids. Can convert anything into fat.

Answer 22

Lipogenesis

Question 23

_______ are hydrophobic and require transport molecule.

Answer 23

Lipids

Question 24

_____ are a complex with proteins.

Answer 24

Lipoproteins

Question 25

Based on the protein to lipid ratio; lipids are larger and ____ while proteins are ______ and denser.

Answer 25

lighter

smaller

Question 26

Chylomicrons are the largest of the ___________.

They carry absorbed lipids from intestinal tract to the bloodstream.

Answer 26

lipoproteins

Question 27

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are composed of endogenous lipids (made in liver) and transports to _________ tissues.

Answer 27

peripheral

Question 28

Intermediate density lipoproteins have less triglycerides than VLDLs and more _____________ and cholesterol than LDLs.

Answer 28

phospholipids

Question 29

____ carry 75% of the body’s cholesterol.
Cholesterol is used in cell growth, repair and steroid synthesis.
When there are high numbers of this it causes plaque in arteries.

Answer 29

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Question 30

High density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as “ ____ cholesterol”.
It has equal amounts of proteins and lipids and transports it to liver for storage/removal.

Answer 30

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 31

Nonessential amino acids are amino acids that your body can __________.

Answer 31

synthesize

Question 32

________ amino acids cannot be produced by the body.
There are a total of 8-10 in children.
Must be consumed through diet, corn rice and beans are rich sources.

Answer 32

Essential

Question 33

Proteins are broken down into component ______ _____. which are then used to make new proteins.

Answer 33

amino acids

Question 34

A _____ portion of protein is needed for energy.

Answer 34

small

Question 35

During protein catabolism, the proteins must first be deaminated or transaminated in the _____.

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

During protein catabolism ______ molecules can go into glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.

Answer 36

carbon

Question 37

During protein catabolism ammonia is converted to ____ and excreted as waste and _______ are formed.

Answer 37

urea

ketones

Question 38

During protein anabolism, amino acids are reassembled to form new _______.
Intermediates from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle form new amino acids.

Answer 38

proteins

Question 39

The rate at which your body uses uses energy.

Answer 39

Metabolic rate

Question 40

Typical calorie range per day.

Answer 40

2000-2500 Cal/day

Question 41

Minimum energy expenditure.

Answer 41

Basal metabolic rate

Question 42

Factors that affect the BMR

Answer 42

Age, gender, physical condition, body weight and genetics.

Question 43

Glycolysis requires:

1. ________ molecules
2. cytolpasmic enzymes
3. ATP and ___
4. inorganic _________
5. NAD

Answer 43

glucose
ADP
phosphates

Question 44

The function of the Kreb’s cycle/ Citric acid cycle is to remove _________ atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Answer 44

hydrogen

Question 45

_________ muscle fibers maintain substantial glycogen reserves.

Answer 45

Skeletal

Question 46

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ___ soluable.

Answer 46

fat

Question 47

Minerals are inorganic ions released through dissociation of _____________.

Answer 47

electrolytes