Chapter 25: Metabolism and Energetics Flashcards
Breaks chemical bonds, breaks molecules down into smaller molecules, and releases energy stored as chemical bonds
Catabolism
Formation of bonds, builds nutrient molecules into largeer compounds needed by the body, and energy usually takes form of ATP.
Anabolism
Loss of electrons. Removal of hydrogens.
Oxidation
Gain of electrons. Gain of hydrogens.
Reduction
Carbohydrates are composed of ______,______,________
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
In carbohydrate metabolism, glucose enters the cell by _________ diffusion , and is then phosphorylated , thus preventing it from leaving the cell
facilitated
Series of 10 reactions which break down glucose down into two 3 carbon molecules.
Glycolysis
Glycolosis occurs in ________, doesn’t require oxygen, and electrons are removed from glucose.
cytoplasm
Glycolysis requires 2 ATP, converts glucose into ________, and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
pyruvate
Function of the Kreb’s cycle
To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Steps in Kreb’s Cycle
Acetyl Coa combines with oxaloacetate
Citic acid goes through a series of reactions
Electrons are removed in 4 steps
ATP is produced
Occurs in mitochondrion, takes electrons away from carriers and gives them to a series of electron carriers, involves oxidative phosphrylation.
Electron Transport System
The final yield of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose is ___
36
Occurs as long as there are free NAD to give electrons to glycolysis, electrons are given back to pyruvate, this forms lactic acid in humans.
Anaerobic metabolism
For every NADH that gives electrons to ETS, ___ ATP are formed
3
For every FADH that gives electrons, ___ ATP are formed.
2`
Formation of new glucose molecules, ,ade from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol.
Primarily on liver and occurs in response to fasting, starvation, very low carb intake or endocrine disorder.
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose, in liver and skeletal muscles.
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
Glycogenolysis
Most of the body’s reserves are stored in the form of ________.
Triglycerides
Beta oxidation is a sequence of reactions in which fatty acid molecules are broken down into two-carbon acetic fragments, and ___and NAD are reduced.
FAD
The synthesis of lipids. Can convert anything into fat.
Lipogenesis
_______ are hydrophobic and require transport molecule.
Lipids
_____ are a complex with proteins.
Lipoproteins
Based on the protein to lipid ratio; lipids are larger and ____ while proteins are ______ and denser.
lighter
smaller
Chylomicrons are the largest of the ___________.
They carry absorbed lipids from intestinal tract to the bloodstream.
lipoproteins
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are composed of endogenous lipids (made in liver) and transports to _________ tissues.
peripheral
Intermediate density lipoproteins have less triglycerides than VLDLs and more _____________ and cholesterol than LDLs.
phospholipids
____ carry 75% of the body’s cholesterol.
Cholesterol is used in cell growth, repair and steroid synthesis.
When there are high numbers of this it causes plaque in arteries.
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
High density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as “ ____ cholesterol”.
It has equal amounts of proteins and lipids and transports it to liver for storage/removal.
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
Nonessential amino acids are amino acids that your body can __________.
synthesize
________ amino acids cannot be produced by the body.
There are a total of 8-10 in children.
Must be consumed through diet, corn rice and beans are rich sources.
Essential
Proteins are broken down into component ______ _____. which are then used to make new proteins.
amino acids
A _____ portion of protein is needed for energy.
small
During protein catabolism, the proteins must first be deaminated or transaminated in the _____.
liver
During protein catabolism ______ molecules can go into glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.
carbon
During protein catabolism ammonia is converted to ____ and excreted as waste and _______ are formed.
urea
ketones
During protein anabolism, amino acids are reassembled to form new _______.
Intermediates from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle form new amino acids.
proteins
The rate at which your body uses uses energy.
Metabolic rate
Typical calorie range per day.
2000-2500 Cal/day
Minimum energy expenditure.
Basal metabolic rate
Factors that affect the BMR
Age, gender, physical condition, body weight and genetics.
Glycolysis requires:
- ________ molecules
- cytolpasmic enzymes
- ATP and ___
- inorganic _________
- NAD
glucose
ADP
phosphates
The function of the Kreb’s cycle/ Citric acid cycle is to remove _________ atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
hydrogen
_________ muscle fibers maintain substantial glycogen reserves.
Skeletal
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ___ soluable.
fat
Minerals are inorganic ions released through dissociation of _____________.
electrolytes
